Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents
Average customer rating: 5 out of 5 stars
  • Dealing with Human Error
  • Managing The Risks Of Orgnizational Accidents
  • This book gives a very holistic view of the safety problem.
  • An excellent book.
  • issues involved in managing safety in complex technologies
Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents
James Reason
Manufacturer: ASHGATE PUBLISHING COMPANY
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 1840141050

Customer Reviews:

5 out of 5 stars Dealing with Human Error.......2007-05-06


This is a landmark book by the renowned expert and guru on human error, Professor James Reason. The author methodically, step-by-step, explains how the various defenses erected to prevent accidents can be breached in the highly technologically advanced and hazardous industries. Using the famous "Swiss Cheese" model to illustrate his point, he outlines how latent defects can conspire with active failures to result in accidents. Professor Reason's arguments, proposals and conclusions are persuasive and logical and are presented in an easy to follow and understand format.

According to Reason, error management includes measure to reduce the error susceptibility of particular tasks or task elements; determine, assess and then remove error-producing factors within the workplace; identify organisational issues that generate error-producing factors within the individual, the team, the task or the workplace; improve error detection; increase the error tolerance of the workplace or system; make latent conditions more visible to those who operate and manage the system; improve the organisation's intrinsic resistance to human fallibility.

It is important that organisations balance profit and costs, and try to ensure that the defences which are put in place are the most cost-effective in terms of trapping errors and preventing catastrophic outcomes.

5 out of 5 stars Managing The Risks Of Orgnizational Accidents.......2001-07-20

Professor James Reason of Manchester University, is a giant in dealing with the human error. His famous book "HUMAN ERROR", first published in 1990, was an instant hit with the safety professionals and until today, remains an authoritative reference for anyone who wants to know more about human errors and human failings.

In 1997, Reason published yet another hit - "MANAGING THE RISKS OF ORGANIZATIONAL ACCIDENTS". This book, as Reason puts it, ... aimed at the "real people" and especially those whose daily business is to think about, and manage or regulate, the risk of hazardous technologies - like commercial aviation - our business.

Yes, this book is meant for the bosses, the Chairman, the CEO, all the Presidents, Executive Vice Presidents, Senior Vice Presidents and last but not least --- (if you are in the air transport business) --- the pilots in the flight deck - as the "Sharp End Operators" and the "Last Line Defenders" to fight against of all the possible latent errors and threats made long before we step into the flightdeck, but expect us to put a stop to any possible mishap from happening when the situation arises!

Professor Reason uses his now popular "Swiss Cheese" Model of Defence to explain the nature of those "latent threats" or "latent errors" lurking in our air transport organization (and others), waiting to spring on us when the time and opportunity present themselves.

Reason argues that highly hazardous technological industry like the air transport industry, (nuclear and chemical plants as well etc.) are usually protected with layers of strong defences..

Let me try to illustrate; let's say we have a lot of hazards to contain on the left hand side of this page, and the losses (if the hazards are not contained and causing accidents) are on the right hand side of this same page. Our defences are like layers of steel plates erected between the hazards and losses to protect them from meeting (liken to be like a light beam shining through).

In real life, these steel plates are both "hardware" and "software". Hardware are, for example better designed modern airplanes with many safety features incorporated from experiences gained over the last few decades of air transport operations, better human-engineering to prevent human factor related errors from being committed. Having better equipment to forecast weather better, better equipment to detect and forewarn the pilots of impending collision with other traffic or terrain etc.

Software, on the other hand, are people themselves, plus philosophy, policy and enforcing procedures to promote safety, implementing safety rules and regulations and practices to guard against accidents from happening.

Well and good, to be fair, all these work pretty well most of the time. That's why you don't get to see many air disasters, nuclear plant accidents, or offshore oil rig disasters very often. Reason, however, argues these "steel plates" are not hole-proof, there are in fact, full of "holes", caused by latent threats and errors, such as company pressure, tight schedules, awkward rules that are hard to follow, long working hours, inadequate rest, lack of on-going trainings, or lack of safety awareness practices, impractical fuel policy etc.

These "holes" in the steel plates expand or shrink depend on prevailing conditions. The holes are "latent threats and errors" built-in to the system, they alone will not cause accidents (not all the plates) but when coupled with some "active failures", (the remaining plates) such as human errors, lapses or slips in the system, in the right place and at the right time, the imaginary light from the left hand "hazards" side, will shine through these porous steel plates and light up the right hand "losses" side, an accident happens! But when it does happen, it is certainly a "Big Bang" headline news, which is usually coupled with heavy human death toll and colossal hardware losses.

Professor Reason deals specifically with the latent threats rather than the active failures, because, as in the Swiss Cheese Model, all you need to do is to make one of the steel plate hole-proof and the error chain is broken, thus preventing a disaster from occurring. Simple as that. Active failures will be dealt with elsewhere..

To sum up, this book covers hazards, defences and losses in all the hazardous high technology industries, it also points out reasons why sometimes these defences are penetrated and defeated. In fact Reason says some of these defences are themselves dangerous! He also talks of the human contribution to the breakdown in the defences, even maintenance, the very reason for maintenance is to ensure safety and reliability of the systems we built, itself can cause accidents if negligence seeps in. He offers practical guides to error management, and finally, how to engineer a safety culture to prevent "Big Bangs" from happening.

A highly recommended reference for those who take flight safety business seriously.

Eddie

5 out of 5 stars This book gives a very holistic view of the safety problem........1999-06-17

This book is a must for anyone who is interested in understanding the organizational factors involved in accidents. It presents a clear picture of what the basic issue is with safety. It helps significantly in the understanding of what must be done in order to manage safety appropriatley. It presents principles that are applicable to all type of industries. I think the fact that an effective book on safety can be written by a psychologist emphasises the role people play in the safety process.

5 out of 5 stars An excellent book........1998-10-19

A novice in this area, I found this book easy to read and very enlightening. The challenge for automation engineers, designers and safety professionals is not what needs to be done, but how to translate these concepts into your company's culture.

5 out of 5 stars issues involved in managing safety in complex technologies.......1998-06-11

This book examines the issues involved in managing safety in complex technologies such as aviation, chemical process plants, and nuclear power. Mr. Reason leads the reader through the complex web of forces which interact to shape human performance. He builds on his earlier works, such as Human Error, to produce a comprehensive examination of difficulties in managing human performance. This book is a "must have" if you are seeking to understand human performance management or reducing human error.
Managing Workers' Compensation: A Guide to Injury Reduction and Effective Claim Management (OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDE SERIES)
Average customer rating: Not rated
    Managing Workers' Compensation: A Guide to Injury Reduction and Effective Claim Management (OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDE SERIES)
    Keith Wertz , and James J. Bryant
    Manufacturer: CRC
    ProductGroup: Book
    Binding: Hardcover

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    ASIN: 1566703484

    Book Description

    Workers' compensation causes headaches throughout all levels of an organization. Injuries affect production, costs, and morale. Managing Workers' Compensation: A Guide to Injury Reduction and Effective Claim Management lays out - in logical order - management and safety procedures that reduce injuries and the aggravation that follows. The authors cover hiring, training, and managing employees with injury avoidance in mind. They provide a blueprint for dealing with injured employees and their families, and for determining the correct time for the employee to return to work. The book discusses the all-important issues of fraud, modified duty, substance abuse testing and accident investigations. It also provides guidance for managing your organization's safety efforts in a manner that targets workers' compensation cost control as one of its major objectives. In addition to comprehensive coverage of workers' compensation, the book gives you a thorough explanation of additional sources of assistance, including the availability and utility of Internet safety resources, a complete listing of state workers' compensation agencies, and sample checklists that help you evaluate your workplace. Although workers' compensation laws vary from state-to-state, the principles behind the system and the ability of employers to influence their own premiums remain consistent. By gaining a thorough understanding of these principles and implementing proven cost control strategies, you can realize substantial savings. Managing Workers' Compensation: A Guide to Injury Reduction and Effective Claim Management explains the process by which premiums are calculated and shows how you can impact - favorably - the amount your organization pays in premiums.

    Event Risk Management and Safety
    Average customer rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
    • Theorical and practical approach
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    Event Risk Management and Safety
    Peter E. Tarlow
    Manufacturer: Wiley
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    ASIN: 0471401684

    Book Description

    THE WILEY EVENT MANAGEMENT SERIES

    The complete guide to event risk management, safety, and security

    Practical strategies and resources for any size event!

    With any event comes risk-from rowdy guests at a festival or convention to a life-threatening riot at a sports event. Event Risk Management and Safety provides a comprehensive resource for managing event risk and limiting liability for modest and grand events. Presenting theory and practical applications, this book covers topics such as measuring risk, alcoholism and drugs, crowd control, fire safety and emergency medical services, food and water safety, outdoor events, and much more.

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    Customer Reviews:

    3 out of 5 stars Theorical and practical approach.......2007-03-16

    The two first chapters have a theorical approach worthy of an academy writer. But the ongoing chapters, although have useful information and practical, lack of structure.

    5 out of 5 stars One of the Best Books in Risk Mangaement.......2007-02-28

    This is a great book for anyone in the Sports and Entertainment Industry. The book is a great reference which I use daily for event security purposes.

    5 out of 5 stars Spectacular.......2002-08-03

    The information in this book is priceless. It gives a good idea of some of the mishaps that might happen at events and it gives helpful tips on avoiding disasters. Very informative too.
    Job Hazard Analysis: A Guide to Identifying Risks in the Workplace
    Average customer rating: Not rated
      Job Hazard Analysis: A Guide to Identifying Risks in the Workplace
      CSP, George Swartz
      Manufacturer: Government Institutes
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      ASIN: 0865878188

      Book Description

      This book provides safety professionals and risk managers with a step-by-step, illustrated guide to identifying and preventing occupational hazards in any job. Created for long-term use, Job Hazard Analyses (JHA) help identify the basic steps for a job or task, identify the hazards associated with the job, and develop safe operating procedures to avoid those hazards.
      Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management: PSAM 7 - ESREL '04 (6 volume set)
      Average customer rating: Not rated
        Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management: PSAM 7 - ESREL '04 (6 volume set)

        Manufacturer: Springer
        ProductGroup: Book
        Binding: Hardcover

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        ASIN: 185233827X

        Book Description

        Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management is a collection of papers presented at the PSAM 7 - ESREL '04 Conference in June 2004. The joint Conference provided a forum for the presentation of the latest developments in methodology and application of probabilistic and reliability methods in various industries. The aim of these applications is the optimisation of technological systems and processes from the perspective of a risk-informed safety management while also taking economic and environmental aspects into account.

        Bringing together leading experts from all over the world, the papers reflect a wide variety of disciplines, such as principles and theory of reliability and risk analysis, systems modelling and simulation, consequence assessment, human and organisational factors, structural reliability methods, software reliability and safety, insights and lessons from risk studies and management/decision making.

        Know the Risk: Learning from Errors and Accidents: Safety and Risk in Today's Technology, First Edition
        Average customer rating: Not rated
          Know the Risk: Learning from Errors and Accidents: Safety and Risk in Today's Technology, First Edition
          Romney Duffey , and John Saull
          Manufacturer: Butterworth-Heinemann
          ProductGroup: Book
          Binding: Hardcover

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          ASIN: 0750675969

          Book Description

          We live in a technological world, exposed to many risks and errors and the fear of death. Know the Risk shows us how we can learn from the many errors and tragic accidents which have plagued our developing technological world.

          This breakthrough volume presents a new concept and theory that shows how errors can and should be analyzed so that learning and experience are accounted for. The authors show that, by using a universal learning curve, errors can be tracked and managed so that they are reduced to the smallest number possible.

          The authors have devoted a number of years to gathering data, analyzing theories relating to error reduction, design improvement, management of errors and assignment of cause. The analyzed data relates to millions of errors. They find a common thread between all technology-related accidents and link all of these errors (from the headline stories to the everyday accidents). They challenge the reader to take a different look at the stream of threats, risks, dangers, statistics and errors by presenting a new perspective.

          The book makes use of detailed illustrations and explores many headline accidents which highlight human weaknesses in harnessing and exploiting the technology we have developed; from the Titanic to Chernobyl, Bhopal to Concorde, the Mary Rose to the Paddington rail crash and examine errors over which we have little or no control. By analyzing the vast data society has collected, the authors show how the famous accidents and our everyday risks are related.

          The authors prove the strength of their observations by comparing their findings to the recorded history of tragedies, disasters, accidents and incidents in chemical, airline, shipping, rail, automobile, nuclear, medical, industrial and manufacturing technologies. They also address the management of Quality and losses in production, the search for zero defects and the avoidance of personal risk and danger.

          Stresses the importance of a learning environment for safety improvement

          Places both quality and safety management in the same learning context

          Learn how to track and manage errors to reduce as quickly as possible
          Human Safety and Risk Management, Second Edition
          Average customer rating: Not rated
            Human Safety and Risk Management, Second Edition
            A. Ian Glendon , Sharon G. Clarke , and Eugene F. McKenna
            Manufacturer: CRC
            ProductGroup: Book
            Binding: Hardcover

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            ASIN: 0849330904

            Book Description

            Reflecting a decade's worth of changes, Human Safety and Risk Management, Second Edition contains new chapters addressing safety culture and models of risk as well as an extensive re-working of the material from the earlier edition. Examining a wide range of approaches to risk, the authors define safety culture and review theoretical models that elucidate mechanisms linking safety culture with safety performance. Filled with practical examples and case studies and drawing on a range of disciplines, the book explores individual differences and the many ways in which human beings are alike within a risk and safety context. It delineates a risk management approach that includes a range of techniques such as risk assessment, safety audit, and safety interventions. The authors address concepts central to workplace safety such as attitudes and their link with behavior. They discuss managing behavior in work environments including key functions and benefits of groups, factors influencing team effectiveness, and barriers to effectiveness such as groupthink.

            Emergency Incident Risk Management: A Safety & Health Perspective (Industrial Health & Safety)
            Average customer rating: Not rated
              Emergency Incident Risk Management: A Safety & Health Perspective (Industrial Health & Safety)
              Jonathan D. Kipp , and Murrey E. Loflin
              Manufacturer: Wiley
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              Book Description

              Emergency Incident Risk Management: A Safety & Health Perspective
              Jonathan D. Kipp, Murrey E. Loflin
              While risk management techniques have been successfully used to reduce the potential for physical harm to the public, these proven methods, strangely enough, have not been applied to one of the most hazardous environments of allfire fighting operations. The result is that more than 100,000 injuries occur to fire fighters each year. Emergency Incident Risk Management shows fire chiefs, fire officers, safety officers, and risk managersfor the first time anywherehow to develop and implement a comprehensive risk management program that can sharply reduce on-the-job fatalities, injuries, and harmful exposures while minimizing property and equipment damage. Expanding on the information presented in the National Fire Protection Association 1500 Handbook, this thorough guide covers every phase of effective risk managementfrom assigning roles and preplanning, through all the steps in a solid risk management plan, to handling actual emergency incidents. With the help of illuminating examples, Emergency Incident Risk Management demonstrates how to: Further, the book addresses federal standards that safety administrators must observe, providing crucial compliance information on OSHAs regulations covering bloodborne pathogens, confined spaces, respiratory protection, and hazardous waste operations and emergency responsein addition to the NFPA standards. The book, in fact, is so complete it even covers how to utilize cost/benefit analysis to ensure effective risk management decision making. Written by a longtime certified safety professional and an experienced fire officer, Emergency Incident Risk Management should be regularly consulted by every professional who administers or operates corporate, municipal, military, or private emergency response programs.
              High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety, Second Edition
              Average customer rating: 5 out of 5 stars
              • For the megacities of the world- Tall Building Checklist!
              High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety, Second Edition
              Geoff Craighead
              Manufacturer: Butterworth-Heinemann
              ProductGroup: Book
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              5. Risk Analysis and the Security Survey, Third Edition Risk Analysis and the Security Survey, Third Edition

              ASIN: 0750674555

              Book Description

              High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety servers as an essential took for building architects, building owners and property managers, security and fire safety directors, security consultants, and contract security firms.

              * Provides the reader with complete coverage of high-rise security and safety issues
              * Includes comprehensive sample documentation, diagrams, photographs to aid in developing security and fire life safety programs
              * Serves as an essential tool for building owners and managers, security and fire safety directors, security consultants and contract security firms

              Customer Reviews:

              5 out of 5 stars For the megacities of the world- Tall Building Checklist!.......2000-08-03

              for investors, managers, and inspectors of tall buildings, this is an exceptionally useful book. Mr. Graighead combines his Australian roots and his California experience in a clear guide to fire safety and security management of these "vertical villages." I have quoted from this work in forums around the world, and have made this book a special present for colleagues in the fire service and architecture and "authorities having jurisdiction." It is a how- to and why guide to active systems. I recommend it highly. And, given that so many skyscrapers are now being built in Asia and in Latin America, I hope this is translated into Chinese, Korean, Spanish and Portuguese. - Richard A. "Nick" Candee, Executive Director, Global Operations, NFPA International
              Risk (Key Ideas)
              Average customer rating: 5 out of 5 stars
              • Three key chapters worth the price of the book and more
              Risk (Key Ideas)
              Deborah Lupton
              Manufacturer: Routledge
              ProductGroup: Book
              Binding: Paperback

              ManagementManagement | Management & Leadership | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
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              Similar Items:
              1. Risk and Sociocultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives Risk and Sociocultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives
              2. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (Published in association with Theory, Culture & Society) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (Published in association with Theory, Culture & Society)
              3. World Risk Society World Risk Society
              4. Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory
              5. Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers

              ASIN: 0415183340

              Book Description

              With risk analysis, risk assessment and risk management as ever-expanding industries, we are now living in a "risk" society. In this book, Deborah Lupton examines why risk has come to such prominence at this particular point in history. She traces how risk has been constructed over time from pre-modernity to the later modern era and provides an introduction to the main theories surrounding the subject.

              Risk covers a wide range of issues, including: risk and culture; sociocultural and scientific perspectives; blame, danger and trust; and risk and pleasure. Including examples of the ways in which risk is experienced in everyday life, this book provides a lively and engaging introduction to one of today's major sociocultural concepts.

              Customer Reviews:

              5 out of 5 stars Three key chapters worth the price of the book and more.......2005-07-19

              I found this book to be somewhat uneven, but I recommend it for three key chapters that provide very good intros to three schools of social theory and the way they regard, and are influenced by, risk.

              Chapter 3, Risk and Culture, provides a good overview of the theory of the cultural anthropologist Mary Douglas. She is perhaps better known for her work on institutions, but her work on cultural and symbolic strategies interfaces well with the concept of risk. For Douglas the only way to account for preferences, or what Bourdieu would call dispositions, is through cultural learning.

              Douglas has also investigated the liminal. Like Agamben (and Wendy Brown) after her, she was interested in borders; borders are constitutive sites. Thus her writing on borders, and especially her notions of purity and pollution, as functions of the level of porosity of borders, plays well with the notion of risk in today's society.

              Although Douglas's work may be considered dated by some, especially her notion of grids, her concepts of risk, blame, and how perceptions of risk influence strategies at the individual and aggregate level are still influential.

              Chapter 4, Risk and Reflexive Modernization, does a good 'compare and contrast' job with Giddens and Beck. Both claim that there is a specific mode or level of risk associated with the expansion of technology and its tendency to cause unintended consequences in our complex global ecology. I do not limit the term ecology to just nature in this regard, but also include culture, law, education, religions, etc. as meaning-making and meaning-maintenance activities which are always already entwined.

              Chapter 5, Risk and Governmentality, explicates the work of Foucault as expressed in his later comments on governmentality. Although Foucault, in Discipline and Punish most noticeably, developed the idea of capillary power and the disciplining society throughout his career, his specific use of the term governmentality was more prominent in his later writings. It involves what Foucault saw as a shift from monarchy to state government in which the 'people' morphed into the idea of 'citizens' and especially the individual physical body of each citizen.

              Now the role of the government became one of "intervention, management and protection so as to maximize wealth, welfare and productivity." p. 85-86 in Lupton. I found this chapter to be the highlight of the book; Lupton writes with more energy and clarity on Foucault. (I also recommend an excellent book, The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Burchell.)

              Lupton gives us a clear understanding of her distinctions of three contemporary risk strategies (insurantial, epidemiological and case-management or clinical risk). I also appreciated her comments on the `new prudentialism', an approach which strikes me as oddly reminiscent of what some critics have identified as the `new racism'.

              There is also a good section on Hybridity and Liminality in Chapter 7, Risk and Otherness. I have to say that I didn't find the remaining chapters as rewarding, yet this book is well worth the time.

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