At the Water's Edge : Fish with Fingers, Whales with Legs, and How Life Came Ashore but Then Went Back to Sea

Book Description

Everybody Out of the Pond

At the Water's Edge will change the way you think about your place in the world. The awesome journey of life's transformation from the first microbes 4 billion years ago to Homo sapiens today is an epic that we are only now beginning to grasp. Magnificent and bizarre, it is the story of how we got here, what we left behind, and what we brought with us.

We all know about evolution, but it still seems absurd that our ancestors were fish. Darwin's idea of natural selection was the key to solving generation-to-generation evolution -- microevolution -- but it could only point us toward a complete explanation, still to come, of the engines of macroevolution, the transformation of body shapes across millions of years. Now, drawing on the latest fossil discoveries and breakthrough scientific analysis, Carl Zimmer reveals how macroevolution works. Escorting us along the trail of discovery up to the current dramatic research in paleontology, ecology, genetics, and embryology, Zimmer shows how scientists today are unveiling the secrets of life that biologists struggled with two centuries ago.

In this book, you will find a dazzling, brash literary talent and a rigorous scientific sensibility gracefully brought together. Carl Zimmer provides a comprehensive, lucid, and authoritative answer to the mystery of how nature actually made itself.

Customer Reviews:

The Extinction of Species .......2007-01-07

"At the Waters Edge: Fish with Fingers, Whales with Legs
By Carl Zimmer

THE EXTINCTION OF SPECIES

Nearly all the species of Life Forms that have ever existed are now extinct. Through the millennia, there have been five documented "mass extinctions," affecting everything from primordial life forms to Dinosaurs.
The lesson is either that the rest of the species were unprepared for evolution; or that Man for reasons unknown, was better equipped for survival.

"The Permian mass extinction occurred about 248 million years ago and was the greatest mass extinction ever recorded in earth history; even larger than the previously discussed Ordovician and Devonian crises and the better known End Cretaceous extinction that felled the dinosaurs. Ninety to ninety-five percent of marine species were eliminated as a result of this Permian event"*

In "Fish with Fingers; Whales with Legs" science writer Carl Zimmer examines the extinction of species that once used their digits for underwater propulsion, but later evolved into legs for walking on land.

Why are the Frogs disappearing? Nearly 200 species of amphibians are either extinct or heading that way) Is it because Amphibians, with their Permeable skin and need for ample moisture to keep their Skin from wrinkling, are more susceptible to extinction than say, insects; or because we (Man, as the Custodian of the Ecology) have so impacted the Environment that certain species are destined for doom?
In Africa, the Hippopotamus is endangered. A certain Toad (the golden Toad) of Costa Rica hasn't been seen in thirty years. Many species of Frogs and other amphibians have disappeared or are listed as Threatened or Vulnerable by the International Conservation Union. The Polar Bear is losing its Habitat: the Arctic ice shelf is disappearing. Polar bears are smaller and weaker, and more vulnerable to disease and famine.

"Over the last few decades scientists and naturalists around the world have noticed a disturbing declining trend in many amphibian populations. The cause of such declines has so far been elusive and multiple factors working in tandem are likely to be responsible. Among the factors listed as contributing causes to such declines are: climate change, increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation, habitat destruction, increased exposure to pathogens, acid rain, human predation, and others. There is uncertainty as to whether these declines are caused by human activity or by natural cycles but most scientists believe that humans are at least partly responsible for many of these declines." (1)

But there are some positive signs. There are certain environmental niches, or enclaves where species have been protected and isolated from human and natural enemies. An example of that is the so-called "noah's ark" region in the tropical rainforests of Brazil and Coral Reefs in Indonesia where previously unknown species of fish are being discovered. According to research published in the National Geographic, there are 794 species of threatened or endangered animals, plants, and insects living in 595 sites around the world; little ecosystems where these species persevere. Another recent study shows that Earth's population is exceeding Earth's resources.
Man is the greatest enemy of the Environment. Man also has the capacity to arrest or reverse the tendency toward extinction and eradication of species.
Further Recommended Reading:
Ellis, Richard: No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species
Quammen, D: The Death of the Dodo
Dawkins, Richard: The Ancestor's Tale : A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution.
--END--

A Whale of A Tale!.......2006-08-26

This is one of my favourite books. Not just about whales, mind you, but about evolution of life in the oceans, then up onto land and, in some cases, back to sea again.

The author takes the reader through a complete yet understandable history of the evolution of whales. For my part, I knew that whales had once been terrestrial, but I didn't know even a tenth of the entire story. I learned that one of the first whales (or al least it's ancestor) was ambulocetus natans, a curious looking fellow who was something of a cross between a wolf and a whale. Then, on to Rodocetus and Basilosaurus and Dorudon, thogh not necessarily in that order.

I found out things I would never have expected in this book, such as the evolution of hand and how Hox genes work during development in the womb.

For anyone who is interested in whale evolution, human evolution, or life in the sea, this book is for you!

Enlightening........2006-04-25

I'm not one to pen lengthy reviews as the idea is, after all, what is the book about, did I or did I not like it and why - plain and simple. Well, I did like it, hence the 4 stars. However, I'm not quite sure why. Mr. Zimmer explains about evolution, some exploring, discovering, insight and mystery solving in a style that contributes to it all being easily understood (almost as if you were involved with it in some small way). It's inspiring, informative and educational. It isn't a cliff hanger, but it kept my attention and after having put it down I wanted to pick it up again. Not riveting but, I think, addictive. If you're interested in discovering the linear progression of how our understanding has arrived at where we now find ourselves (regarding evolution) then give it a try.

Walk in, then take the plunge!.......2005-09-21

At The Water's Edge is about about the evolution of large and important changes in species; Zimmer focuses on change in habitat, the move from sea to land, and then back to sea.

Zimmer begins by describing different fish lineages and concentrates on the branch that leads to our own chordate subphylum, the tetrapods. How and why did legs evolve? How did our left and right walking motion appear? Zimmer reveals a surprising answer. Tetrapods, legs, and walking did not evolve to help fish survive on land; they evolved to help fish swim in shallow swampy river deltas at the ocean's edge. These features allow fish to move more efficiently among the river plants and to sneak up on prey more easily. Once the left right motion was established, it was easy for fins to strengthen. At some point there came a need to move from puddle to puddle, or perhaps to escape predators, or to lie in wait out of the water. Strong alternating fins, which had evolved in a purely aquatic environment, were ideally suited to these new tasks.

To emphasize this original unplanned use of an existing feature, Zimmer uses Stephen Jay Gould's strange neologism "exaptation" rather than a more familiar term like pre-adaption. Zimmer prefers exaptation because pre-adaptation somehow implies that the final use of a thing was planned from the beginning. Zimmer emphasizes that it was not.

Once he's done with how tetrapods appeared and then came to land, Zimmer makes an about face and returns to the seafollowing whales and dolphins. Here too we find surprises. Early whale ancestors probably behaved like crocodiles and alligators. They would stay in the water with only their eyes and nose protruding, waiting for a land based prey to come close. Later, Zimmer describes echolocation, one of the most complex and useful features of cetaceans. Dolphins and many whales have a superb sonar system that works by echoing clicks out and back in through a fat-filled cavity in their forehead called the melon. The melon
acts as a sound lends letting dolphins "see" small objects hundreds of feet away. How can such a useful and complex organ evolve? The current hypothesis is that the melon's first function in early whales was simply to block the nasal passage during deep dives, to keep water out. Once it existed, it probably provided very rudimentary echolocation which gave natural selection something to work with. Another exaptation.

Another topic Zimmer touches often is cladism, which is the sorting of species into a genealogical table by identifying key features. Features common to a group of species can imply a common ancestor even if we haven't found any trace of the ancestor itself. Two cladistic schools are at this moment fighting it out: the biological and morphological school one side, and the genetic school on the other. The schools often arrive at different conclusions. The strength of the biological school is that its discoveries are practical; key features mean something concrete like a backbone (chordates) or a melon (dolphins and many whales). However, key features are very difficult to identify. Genes on the other hand are easy to identify and to compare among different species. Also, there's a mechanical logic to genes that readily lends itself to cladistic sorting. However, genes often don't mean anything, i.e. have no effect on how the organism works, and they can mutate at random, appearing and disappearing for no reason. Each camp will probably have to find a way to learn from the other.

Charles Darwin famously called his Origin of Species "one long argument", by which he sought to establish Natural Selection as the main means of evolution. You might take Zimmer's book as one short argument to establish exaptations and cladism as the main engines of macroevolution.

Truly excellent book on evolution .......2005-04-28

_At the Water's Edge_ by Carl Zimmer is a fascinating and well-written account of macroevolution, evolution outside of the "generation-by-generation" pace of microevolution. In microevolution, biologists can follow the process of natural selection; as every generation of a species produces a line of variants, some of these variants do better than others and survive to possibly pass on those variant traits to their offspring. Biologists can for instance track the success (and failure) of individual genes or how a particular species of insect adapts to a new pesticide. Macroevolution on the other hand works on much larger, grander scales, a scale in which completely new types of bodies appear.

Zimmer sought to examine macroevolution in the development of tetrapods from fish (which occurred between 380 and 360 million years ago) and whales from land mammals (occurring about 50 million years ago), using these fascinating accounts to introduce to the reader two of the most common features of macroevolution - exaptations of existing features and the correlated progression of many different parts.

Exaptation is a term used to describe the notion of a structure crafted by evolution for one function and later becoming ideal for another, often completely different function. Early in the 20th century this concept was known as preadaptation, a term coined by Alfred Sherwood Romer, though Stephen Jay Gould and Elizabeth Vrba in 1982 offered the term exaptation instead as preadaptation seemed to imply some sort of conscious planning for the future that evolution can never have.

In tetrapod evolution, the production of urea in lobe-fins was an exaptation - originally evolved as a way for an organism to avoid ammonia poisoning, excess salt, and water loss at sea, an excellent system for when tetrapods came ashore. Lungs may have evolved originally not for life on land but to give predatory fish more stamina in chasing prey at sea, this ability helping keep the heart nourished and allowing the fish to swim longer and harder than fish without lungs. Early tetrapods evolved legs to move along shallow, coastal lagoon bottoms and through flooded forests, not to move onto land, an "exaptation of the most dramatic sort." Among whales, _Ambulocetus_, an ancestor with perhaps a crocodile-like lifestyle, may have evolved the ability to hold its breath while it drowned its prey in deep water, an exaptation for later life at sea. Similarly, the ability of _Ambulocetus_ to hear low-frequency sounds traveling through the ground - as it rested its head on the shore, waiting for prey, the sounds traveling up its bony jaw - may have been an exaptation for hearing underwater.

Correlated progression is a bit harder of a concept to explain. Essentially, it is a "choreography of changes" in an animal. The term, originated by Keith Thomson in the 1960s, describes how one change in a particular aspect of an organism cannot take place unless natural selection was also altering the other parts of the organism for other adaptations at the same time; changes in one part of the body can sometimes make other changes more beneficial to an animal. If anatomical features of an animal are tightly linked together, they will change in concert.

The evolution of the tetrapod ear is an excellent example of correlated progression. The stapes in the human ear is homologous with a large bone that supports fish jaws, known as the hyomandibular. The ancestral lobe-fin fish's skull was originally a loose collection of bones held together by ligaments, the hyomandibular serving to brace the upper and lower jawbones against the back of the braincase and also helping to flare open the gill flap to let stale water out of the animal's head. As shown by such fossils as _Acanthostega_, early tetrapods developed a braincase that was fused shut, the jaw being able now to make direct contact with the sturdier skull, the hyomandibular bone no longer needed to support the jaw (and also not needed for working the gills as they became less important for breathing). The hyomandibular shrank and became lodged tightly in the back of the skull, at first locked in so much that it couldn't vibrate freely. Later on other bones of the skull became sturdy enough that the proto-stapes could loosen and begin transmitting sounds to the brain. The stapes could only evolve as a new type of bite was evolving thanks to changes in the skull and in breathing. In turn, the shrinking hyomandibular had its own effects; as the muscles that once connected it to the gill arches now were attached to the jaw to open and shut it and support the head on its shoulders, the dwindling hyomandibular let other bones and muscles create the tetrapod neck. Also, when the shoulders were liberated from the head and from the heavy bone once covering the gills, there was enough room for a bigger, more complex shoulder joint better suited to walking on land.

Similarly, the evolution of whale echolocation was a good example of correlated progression, each incremental change in the head of the whale encouraging other changes. Some whales may have accidentally made noises in their nose that, thanks to their echoes, made it easier to hunt prey. Sound may have inadvertently been focused by nose plugs, with whales with oversized nose plugs being favored (the nose plugs evolving into melons). The nose moved up towards the top of the head for easier breathing, but the jaws expanded back to carry it there, which made the whale's skull more stable as it moved back and creating a reflecting dish on the upper jaw for sounds waves coming from the nose as a well as a platform on which the melon to rest.

In addition to being a book on the concepts of exaptation and correlated progression, the book can simply be read as an excellent illustrated report of the evolution of tetrapods and whales, with the history of research, accounts of the personalities involved, and speculations on the lifestyles and habitats of early tetrapods and whales.

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Inspired Me
A Wonderful Book
Slapstick and Wry

Sea Legs
Alex Shearer
Manufacturer: Aladdin
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0689871449

Book Description

Eric and Clive's widowed dad is a steward on a cruise ship, and every time he goes away, the twins miss him terribly. Eric (older and considerably wiser than Clive by about five minutes) and Clive decide that this time will be different. When their father leaves for his latest cruise, they will go with him! Only Dad doesn't know yet, because Eric and Clive are going to be stowaways! How can their plan possibly fail? Okay, so Clive is a compulsive liar, with a tendency toward disastrous mishaps. It's worth the risk. All they have to do is keep out of Dad's way and stay out of trouble -- for three whole weeks...

Customer Reviews:

Inspired Me.......2006-10-31

I usually hate to read books but this book inspired me to read. I couldn't put the book down until I finished it. It had a lot of humour. The kind of humour that boys like. This story makes me wish that my Dad worked on a cruise ship so I could come along.

A Wonderful Book.......2006-07-07

This book is a example of superb writing. With witty charcters and a twisting plot line this book will keep you at the edge of your seat for hours on end. This book is a great example of one that you can never put down. I would totaly recomend this book to anyone who loves to read.

Slapstick and Wry.......2005-07-07

Sea journeys and pirates are the "it" topics of children's literature this year, but Shearer manages to avoid pitfalls by placing his narrative in the hands of a boy named Eric, accompanied by his perpetually dirty twin brother Clive. The two brothers stowaway on a cruise liner during the summer holidays in order to be closer to their father, who serves as a ship steward. Laying low is not an option for Eric and Clive, and the story really starts to hum when they become more devious in their attempts to elude exposure. The pirate episode occurs at the end of the book, but is a satisfying tie-up of threads, rather than the core of the plot.

Instead, it is Eric and Clive who hog the spotlight - especially Clive. As Eric would have us believe, Clive is eternally hungry, has a face like a cowpat, and never washes his (under)pants. Together they ruthlessly take advantage of, and expose, the adult world around them while Eric pauses now and again to reflect philosophically on their situation: "Something inside us had changed...I guess that's what happens to you when you make a journey - a real journey, that is. A journey both inside and out."

Shearer does a brilliant job capturing a boy's perspective (for the twins the pyramids are "hot" and uncomfortable), and one can forgive him the fairytale clichés of the absent mother, the kind little old lady with incredible wealth, and the observation that children can get away with anything because adults underestimate them. The book deserves a sharper title and cover, tighter editing on minor repetitions, and a PR campaign that highlights its quirky voice. It's a great summer read with a healthy dose of slapstick. Perfect for boys and girls who crave an escape from "books that are good for them".

Doctor Dogbody's Leg (Heart of Oak Sea Classics Series)

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One of the best books I've ever read!
Tickle your funny bone
A collection of 10 short stories
fantastically hilarious
A terrific, salt-stained literary treasure

Doctor Dogbody's Leg (Heart of Oak Sea Classics Series)
James N. Hall
Manufacturer: Owl Books
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0805058311

Book Description

Ripping sea yarns from the creator of Mutiny on the Bounty.

James Norman Hall is best known as the co-author of the classic Bounty trilogy. In his later years, his favorite work was writing the tales spun by Dr. Dogbody, a peg-legged old salt who never lets the truth get in the way of a good story. Doctor Dogbody's tales vividly recreate the Napoleonic Wars, and delight with broad comedy, rollicking naval adventure, and characters that will live on in the reader's memory.

Customer Reviews:

One of the best books I've ever read!.......2006-09-20

Doctor Dogbody was a navy surgeon who spent most of his life at sea on sailing ships. As long as people can remember he has had a wooden leg. Whenever old mates gather around the fire with a pint in their hand and long to hear a tale, they anxiously await the tale of how the good doctor lost his leg. The tale is never the same twice!

This is one of those rare books that you keep on your bookshelf for re-reading. I have read "Doctor Dogbody's Leg" at least 20 times. I made the mistake of letting somebody borrow it and it
has disappeared. Guess I am just going to have to buy another copy!

Tickle your funny bone.......2000-07-01

A must read for any and all O'brien fans. This is one the funniest books I have ever read. The good doctor spins increasingly outragous yarns and somehow makes it all seem plausible. The writing is first rate and the characters are vivid and real.

A collection of 10 short stories.......2000-05-18

This book was a change of pace for the author, who was the co-author of Mutiny on the Bounty and other books. It is humorous light reading, with the tales set in the Cheerful Tortoise, as Dr. Dogbody, Royal Naval, meets with old acquaintances and tells tales about how he lost his leg. It sometimes rambles a bit, as tales might if told by an old-timer reminiscing. Overall, it is a good collection of stories that could probably be shared with children. So get a pint of ale, and sit down in front of the fire at the Cheerful Tortoise while Dr. Dogbody relates his adventures.

fantastically hilarious.......1999-02-26

A beautifully written and conceived collection (or is it one continuous tale?), this book will grab anyone who appreciates great humor and skillful writing. A true test of a book's greatness, this one I was truly sorry to see end. Grab a tankard of ale, or a glass of Port Royal, and settle down by the fire at the Cheerful Tortoise. You'll roar with laughter and gasp with astonishment at the good Doctor's tales.

A terrific, salt-stained literary treasure.......1999-01-30

This unique collection of short stories, all of which are based in a small and colorful Portsmouth tavern, is a fabulous read. Excellent characters, pure enjoyment layered upon tales of the sea, famous events and battles and a lot of witty and rich dialog. Dr. Dogbody's salty and humorous martime stories capture both the people and events of the time. Dogbody is a mixture of Harry Flashman, Forest Gump and Long John Silver. The supporting cast of characters is suberb, all carefully written to interface with Dogbody's amazing tales relating to the loss of his missing apendage. I'd love to see the BBC present ten episodes of this book. A clever and unique reading adventure. If you enjoy the Forester, Kent, Pope, Fraser or O'Brian's novels, you'll find this and keep it on you bookshelf and point it out to your literary companions with a chuckle.

Sea Legs: Talees of a Woman Oceanographer

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A Fascinating Page Turner
A memorable and informative autobiographical journey

Sea Legs: Talees of a Woman Oceanographer
Kathleen Crane
Manufacturer: Westview Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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Book Description

Sea Legsis the story of Kathleen Crane, one of the first women oceanographers out of the world-renowned Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California. By turns personal and objective, Crane tells how her quest for freedom led her to the sea and her research of deep-sea underwater volcanoes. As research doors in the United States closed during the 1980s, Crane charted her scientific future with the Europeans and with scientists from the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War. In the process she became an unwitting diplomat.

From the Galapagos dives in the Alvin and the early searches for Titanic, to many of the first scientific expeditions of the Arctic, Crane offers an exclusive and compelling first-hand account as a pioneer for women in oceanography. An explorer, environmentalist, and filmmaker, Crane's story encompasses the world's oceans, politics, international relations, scientific espionage, ships, and a passion for the natural world. At its heart, however, this is a story about humanity and the forces that drive people to persevere, despite the odds, and do the things they love. This paperback edition includes a Reader's Guide, featuring questions for discussion and suggestions for further reading.

Customer Reviews:

A Fascinating Page Turner.......2004-07-03

I really didn't know what to expect when I picked up Kathleen Crane's memoirs of her experiences in graduate school at Scripps and her professional life. To many, it might seem that a book on oceanography is a bit too esoteric or "niche" to be of interest to the general public.

But "Sea Legs" is a truly fascinating, deeply (no pun intended) interesting book. For the scientifically inclined, the detailed descriptions of Crane's work will be of great interest. But the general reader benefits the most from this book, as the reader accompanies Crane and her colleagues on numerous voyages of discovery to fascinating destinations. "Sea Legs" is well worth your time, and beleive me, it is a real page turner.

A memorable and informative autobiographical journey.......2003-04-08

Sea Legs: Tales Of A Woman Oceanographer is the personal and inspiring story of Kathleen Crane, one of the first female oceanographers to earn her credentials at the world-famous Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California. From research on undersea volcanoes, to meeting and befriending Soviet Union scientists during the height of the cold war, Sea Legs is a memorable and informative autobiographical journey filled with a love of science, a respect for the sea, and the sheer joy of reaching out to embrace the world.

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Sea Legs
Paul Gillcrist
Manufacturer: Writer's Showcase Press
ProductGroup: Book
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ASIN: 0595145620

Book Description

Sea Legs is a collection of nautical aviation vignettes covering the 33-year naval career of author Paul Gillcrist. He beginning in the US Naval Academy flight training fleet squadron with test pilot duties and he advanced to the grade of Rear Admiral. The stories include his early fleet squadron experience as a "nugget" pilot on USS Oriskany, his selection to be a Navy test pilot (including the account of his first ejection from an out-of-control test aircraft), his fleet experience in a fighter squadron based on the USS Lexington during the Cuban Missile Crisis and later on the USS Shangri La in the Mediterranean. This tour was followed by three cruises in the Tonkin Gulf on the USS Ticonderoga (during which he ejected for the second time), USS Hancock and USS Bonhomme Richard during which he flew 167 combat missions over Vietnam for which he was awarded 17 combat decorations. The vignettes also follow him through tours of duty in the Pentagon and cinCLantFleet staff, including his stint as the lead pilot in the movie "Tora, Tora, Tora" flying off of USS Yorktown. Many of these vignettes are humorous, a few tragic, but all are exciting and serve to give the reader a good idea of what US naval carrier aviation was all about in the latter half of the 20th century.

Brief Hist of Westrn CIV: Unfinishd Leg V1

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Brief Hist of Westrn CIV: Unfinishd Leg V1
Patrick Geary , and Mark A. Kishlansky
Manufacturer: Not Avail
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Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0321224531

Galaxy Science Fiction November, 1951: Sea Legs; Tiger by the Tail

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Galaxy Science Fiction November, 1951: Sea Legs; Tiger by the Tail
Robert A. Heinlein , Alan E. Nourse , Bernard Wolfe , and Frank Quattrocchi
Manufacturer: Galaxy Publishing Corp.
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Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (Volume XIII, Part 1 - Covering Leg 13 of the Cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger - Lisbon, Portugal to Lisbon, Portugal, August-October, 1970)

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Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (Volume XIII, Part 1 - Covering Leg 13 of the Cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger - Lisbon, Portugal to Lisbon, Portugal, August-October, 1970)
Ansis G. (Editor) Kaneps
Manufacturer: U.S. Government Printing Office
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000L2OGU2

Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Volume LXXIX (79) Covering Leg 79 of the Cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger - Las Palmas, Grand Canary Island, to Brest, France April-May 1981

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Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Volume LXXIX (79) Covering Leg 79 of the Cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger - Las Palmas, Grand Canary Island, to Brest, France April-May 1981
et. al Karl Hinz
Manufacturer: National Science Foundation
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000J5BSZC

Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Volume XIII. Part 2. Covering Leg 13 of the Cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger, Lisbon, Portugal to Lisbon, Portugal August-October 1970 (Volume XIII, Part 2)

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Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Volume XIII. Part 2. Covering Leg 13 of the Cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger, Lisbon, Portugal to Lisbon, Portugal August-October 1970 (Volume XIII, Part 2)
William B. F. Ryan , T. B. Gustafson , E. Christofferson , M. R. Fisk , E. F. K. Zarudzki , C. Morelli , I. Finetti , H. K. Wong , E. Schreiber , and P. J. Fox
Manufacturer: Superintendent of Documents
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Geochemistry | Earth Sciences | Science | Subjects | Books
ASIN: B000S38RHC

Product Description

Includes the following sections: II. A. Geophysical Results B. Sedimentary Petrology C. Petrology and Geochemistry of the Basement Rocks D. Geochemistry of Evaporates, Faunas, and Interstitial Fluids E. Micropaleontology III. Summary and Catalogue of Results IV. Regional Synthesis

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