Book Description
Named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most important innovators of the century, Tariq Ramadan is a leading Muslim scholar, with a large following especially among young European and American Muslims. Now, in his first book written for a wide audience, he offers a marvelous biography of the Prophet Muhammad, one that highlights the spiritual and ethical teachings of one of the most influential figures in human history. Here is a fresh and perceptive look at Muhammad, capturing a life that was often eventful, gripping, and highly charged. Ramadan provides both an intimate portrait of a man who was shy, kind, but determined, as well as a dramatic chronicle of a leader who launched a great religion and inspired a vast empire. More important, Ramadan presents the main events of the Prophet's life in a way that highlights his spiritual and ethical teachings. The book underscores the significance of the Prophet's example for some of today's most controversial issues, such as the treatment of the poor, the role of women, Islamic criminal punishments, war, racism, and relations with other religions. Selecting those facts and stories from which we can draw a profound and vivid spiritual picture, the author asks how can the Prophet's life remain--or become again--an example, a model, and an inspiration? And how can Muslims move from formalism--a fixation on ritual--toward a committed spiritual and social presence? In this thoughtful and engaging biography, Ramadan offers Muslims a new understanding of Muhammad's life and he introduces non-Muslims not just to the story of the Prophet, but to the spiritual and ethical riches of Islam.
Customer Reviews:
Interesting book about the prophet.......2007-10-01
This book was great to show details about the prophet Mohammad's life. Tariq Ramadan captured in his very well researched book an unkown side of a great man. Unfortunately at some points he writes somewhat differential between sunni and shia, not realizing that at the prophet's time there was no such distinction.
Tariq is a true Muslim.......2007-06-07
this is a must read for all Muslims, curious non-Muslims and Islam-haters alike.
Tariq provides a beautiful meditation on the life of the Prophet, quoting great ayats from the Qur'an and hadith. IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE PROPHET is an easily-digestable yet profound work of truth. This book provides all who read it with the essence of Islam and the life of the Prophet.
Islamist Apologist.......2007-04-24
An Islamist apologist through-and-through. While couching the traditional Islamic double-speak in PC terms appealing to many in the West, distorts the true history of Muhammad's actions and words, as well as the real method by which Islam spread which was by the sword and not by persuasion.
His condemnation of intentional attacks on civilians is tempered by an innocuous-seeming suggestion: that they will cease when European, U.S., and Israeli foreign policies bend to terrorists' underlying demands.
There is nothing of worth here or in any similar work which seeks to justify Islamist aspirations and methods, while ignoring the real problem which is the reformation of Islam, necessary in order to allow it to live in peace with other beliefs and customs.
better than Jesus.......2007-04-16
In the West Jesus is held up as a model. But his teachings can be used only in a period just before the end of the world; he expected the end to come soon. You cannot practice his teachings in a world that will last; they are not practical. Mohammed, unlike Jesus, was a normal man; he had normal feelings, not the sado-masochistic feelings of Jesus which he got from the whole Judaic messianic complex. Mohammed is someone who can admire, can emulate, can respect.
I am not a Muslim but I think Ramadan has shown Mohammed to be a better guide than Jesus.
Great Read, whatever your personal belief.......2007-04-06
This biography of Prophet Muhammad can be called a "spiritual biography" that tells the story of a life but emphasizes decisions, revelations, and the spiritual and emotional lessons therein. Emerick's biography of the Prophet and that by Karen Armstrong are good, this is better. Incidentally, it hints at the paranoia of those in government who cancelled the author's visa while he was en route to teach at Notre Dame University. (I taught there briefly and can assure you that it is not a hot bed of radicalism.)
The position of women, place of jihad, role of law, and relations with non-Muslims are totally different than the media caricatures and also different from some Fundamentalist politicization and corruptions.
Under duress and attack we see un Islamic practices claiming to be Fundamental (the Western media is more than happy to second that claim). One needs to know that the Shari'a is partly a product, close to two centuries later, that evolved to empower scholarly elite promoting its own interests by which time patriarchal elements had also degraded practice regarding women some - although women had right of inheritance not much available in the West until the 19th and 20th centuries except for royalty.. Also, the most infamous practices predated Islam in much of the Mediterranean - the stoning of adulterers was now much harder to prove that before.
It is reading for those who have an open mind and would learn more, for those who aren't quite sure what to believe after the pervasive toxic climate of criticism. Christians and Jews are very much at a disadvantage in that Muslims know far more about their faiths naturally from reading the Qur'an than they would know without significant effort. Moses, Noah, Jesus and Mary are Prophets of Islam (Mary appears in the Qur'an more times than the Bible).
It should be reading for the many shamefully ignorant critics like Robertson, Graham, Hagee, Falwell who do not have the least basis for their declarations. Their ignorance is itself a measure of disrespect and narrowness that spreads widely among their followers. Equally it could begin to educate those who should know better and who make decisions based on fear and hate - including those who seem superficially have some knowledge when talking about "abrogation" of versus in the Qu'ran etc. Bashing Islam is a profitable cottage industry and so much easier than a small measure of understanding or empathy.
Prophet Muhammad lived ihsan (beauty appreciated and demonstrated) with charisma even before the first revelation. His role is not like that of Jesus in important ways: neither he nor his followers claimed Divinity: he had immense practical worldly family and political responsibilities that Jesus never had; he provided no redemption or way of evading personal responsibility.
Book Description
This vivid and detailed biography strips away centuries of distortion and myth and presents a balanced view of the man whose religion continues to dramatically affect the course of history.
Customer Reviews:
A Love Poem.......2007-07-20
I feel strongly that, in this book, Armstrong's passion for her subject shines through magnificently. Her adoration for the Prophet shines through on every page, bringing one closer to the warm, conflicted, human personality of the Prophet, which can be so obscured in modern Islam. I found this book refreshing, engaging and informative. Its principal shortcoming seems to be the author's unwillingness to say ANYTHING bad about the Prophet. But, on the other hand, don't we already have enough people around doing that?
a powerful narrative.......2007-06-21
Having read a number of books on this topic I can safely say that Karen Armstrong has written a very gripping biography of Prophet Muhammad, which makes us THINK instead of holding onto preconceived notions - a sign of a great book. It is very relevant to what is happening today in the world, as one fifth of the world owe it's faith to his efforts. The author very expertly explains how the Prophet with his devotion and powerful personality turned around a people primarily belonging to the desert, into a nation which conquered the two main world powers of that period, within 16 years of his arrival into medina. We have tried to over simplify the Prophet's life ever since, but as shown beautifully in this book, he was a human being experiencing and facing all the complexities of life as we all do. The book cover is magnificent as well.
Amazing Work.......2007-03-11
If you are looking for a serious work on the life of Muhammad then look no further. This is an amazing read that keeps the reader turning pages throughout the book. This will help any reader get an insight into Islam from a serious academic and unbiased perspective.
A Basis for Understanding Islam.......2007-03-09
Islam, the faith founded by Muhammad, has usually been misunderstood by Westerners in the past, and perhaps even more so since a group of extreme fanatics attacked the United States on September 11, 2001. Like some violent extremists and literalists of all faiths, these people chose to commit a great crime in the belief that their religion required such an act against what they saw as an impious and decadent West. Similar attacks were launched against England, Spain and Australia (the latter in Indonesia) and led to the current impasse that threatens to become a violent religious war, not only between Islam and the West, but between branches of the faith itself.
What is the background of this faith that inspired such fanatical violence? Is it truly more violent than other religions? Exactly who was Muhammad, how did he become the Prophet of Islam and what did he teach?
These questions are to a large degree answered in Karen Armstrong's masterful book "Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet." In it we learn about what is known and what was said about the life of Muhammad, the most recent of the great religious teachers (unless you count Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism). Karen Armstrong has produced an easy to read popular introduction to Islam and the Prophet. This is certainly not a scholarly study, but in general the story as told by a non-Muslim who is trying to portray Muhammad in as good a light as she can. Certainly many people have criticised her for this portrayal, especially in regard to the treatment of women in Islamic societies (not totally Muhammad's fault, as at least some the the problem comes from fairly brutal local traditions, not Islam), his polygamy (probably as much a result of the need for widows and orphaned girls to have husbands as for lust), and his massacre of the Bani Qurayzah, which was certainly violent, but under the circumstances and the times, not exactly unknown. Indeed, Islamic armies were often more merciful than Christian ones during the Crusades. This is not to say they were always so, however.
Despite a few irritating typos, this book is the best popular treatment of the subject that I have encountered so far. Certainly it is a good introduction to the life of the Prophet for Westerners who are not blinded by the excesses of the few. As a non-Muslim I recommend this book as a antidote to the often venomous (and inaccurate) writings that have appeared, especially since 9/11, on Muhammad and the followers of Islam.
A bit surprising.......2007-01-25
I am usually a fan of Karen Armstrong -- her work on comparative religion is normally stellar, and easy to process at any level. This book surprises me, though -- although she seems to very much respect Muhammad as a man and for the historial role that he played, I am a bit disappointed in her characterization of an entire culture. Throughout the book, she refers to the tribal system of Arabia (pre- and post-Islam) as primitive and uncivilized, in relation to the "civilized" agricultural West. As an anthropologist, I was shocked at this characterization, particularly from a noted scholar such as Armstrong. She continually downplays the organization of tribal and pastoral society as somehow "needing" improvement -- a gross misunderstanding of culture and social organization on a landscape. Unforunately, this colors the rest of the book (particularly the early chapters -- I found them disturbing at some points to read).
Although I encourage readers to read this book, I also encourage you to round out your study of Islam and Muhammad with other books so that you have a rounded view. I particularly recommend "No God But God" (Aslan) -- hopefully it will provide a broader perspective to Armstrong's book.
I am heartened by her attempt to humanize a very dehumanized character in history -- I just wish she would have taken the time to look at the society in the same humanizing light.
Amazon.com
Muhammad was born in 570 CE, and over the following sixty years built a thriving spiritual community, laying the foundations of a religion that changed the course of world history. There is more historical data on his life than on that of the founder of any other major faith, and yet his story is little known.
Karen Armstrong's immaculately researched new biography of Muhammad will enable readers to understand the true origins and spirituality of a faith that is all too often misrepresented as cruel, intolerant, and inherently violent. An acclaimed authority on religious and spiritual issues, Armstrong offers a balanced, in-depth portrait, revealing the man at the heart of Islam by dismantling centuries of misconceptions. Armstrong demonstrates that Muhammad's life—a pivot point in history—has genuine relevance to the global crises we face today.
Discover More Eminent Lives
Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code by Matt Ridley |
Freud: Inventor of the Modern Mind by Peter Kramer |
Machiavelli: Philosopher of Power by Ross King |
Thomas Jefferson: Author of America by Christopher Hitchens |
George Washington: The Founding Father by Paul Johnson |
Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy's Guide by Joseph Epstein |
Book Description
Muhammad was born in 570 CE, and over the following sixty years built a thriving spiritual community, laying the foundations of a religion that changed the course of world history. There is more historical data on his life than on that of the founder of any other major faith, and yet his story is little known.
Karen Armstrong's immaculately researched new biography of Muhammad will enable readers to understand the true origins and spirituality of a faith that is all too often misrepresented as cruel, intolerant, and inherently violent. An acclaimed authority on religious and spiritual issues, Armstrong offers a balanced, in-depth portrait, revealing the man at the heart of Islam by dismantling centuries of misconceptions. Armstrong demonstrates that Muhammad's life—a pivot point in history—has genuine relevance to the global crises we face today.
Customer Reviews:
Pushes the "sympathetic biography" envelope too far.......2007-10-05
That begins with the subtitle "A Prophet for our Time." That's certainly not an unbiased opinion.
In short, Armstrong goes beyond throwing out the bath water of some Western total besmirching of Muhammad, to throwing out the baby of a critically-based biography of him at all.
While I disagree with one-star reviewers that this is a whitewash of Muhammad's life, it is selective. Beyond that, when Armstrong does talk about some of the less noble actions of Muhammad, she always tries to put the best spin possible on his actions.
A prime example is of his retreat from his original position of full equality for women in society. The only end view one can take away from Muhammad here is either henpecked husband leading to his first advocating women's equality, or male herd-follower after changing his mind.
Neither view is that of "a prophet for our time."
Armstrong's biography is also strongly biased in its lack of criticality. There's no sense of scholarship in the way of historical-critical wrestling with either the Quran itself or the later hadith about Muhammad.
In short, Armstrong's rehabilitation of Muhammad falls short precisely because it uncritically goes overboard.
I have read or skimmed other of Armstrong's books, and do find a different attitude here, in all the ways mentioned above and more.
It's different enough to leave me wondering if has converted, or is considering it.
Important in understanding today's world.......2007-09-20
As usual, Karen Armstong has taken an important subject and made it highly readable, while maintaining her scholarly approach. This book is an excellent overview of the history of Islam, laying out the prophet's personal history in the context of his times. It provides an insight into the state of Islam today.
Answering the one-star reviews.......2007-09-07
Karen Armstrong's book about Muhammad cuts through the slander and anti-Islamic fervor that is so clearly prevalent in today's CNN/FOX NEWS world. Armstrong's book is written for Westerners who have been exposed for over a thousand years to papal prejudice and ethnic hatred against Islam but who suspect that somehow these views have been skewed by media and by political and economic biases with self-interest at their center. On the one hand, she clarifies where this hatred came from, why it has persisted until today, and why it has been resurrected in many cases where it had long subsided. On the other hand, this book is written with respect and love for the Heart of Islam. She knows that the beauty of Islam's essence far outshines the negative images we have been shown ad infinitum. If anyone disputes that Islam has been slandered, one has only to look at the one-star reviews here for a summary of the slander Islam has faced.
Is this wacko for real? .......2007-08-15
I wish I could give this book 0 stars. I read 1 of her "fictional" versions of Islam and that was 1 to many.
This lady is the Toyko Rose of Islam, what a polished version of an intolerant cult she pushes. Who does
she think snowballing??
Understanding Islam from its origins.......2007-08-10
This biography provides a fascinating account of Muhammad's life and the origins of Islam, the religion he founded. The author allows us to picture life and society in Arabia during the Prophet's lifetime, and the tremendous achievements that he was able to develop in a very short time. It is the story of a brilliant leader, both religious and political. Armstrong's most significant contribution through this biography in my opinion is to reveal Muhammad in a very human light, devoid of both mythological allure and untainted by historical prejudices. It is an extremely useful reading for our current times, since it provides the opportunity for a better understanding of Islam.
Book Description
• This is the first paperback edition of this important work, which sold 7,500 copies in the cloth edition
• The Muslim population of the U.S. is on a strong growth curve. It is estimated that there are now between 4 and 7 million Muslims in the U.S.
This is the definitive, objective biography of the Prophet, drawn from primary Arabic sources of the 8th and 9th centuries, and includes passages never before translated. It owes its freshness and directness of approach to the words of the men and women who heard Muhammad speak and witnessed the events of his life.
Customer Reviews:
A work of Art.......2007-09-06
Martin Lings delivers the story of the life of the Prophet Muhammad with accuracy and with a prose that is engaging and artful. Care is taken in crafting each sentence and what results is a moving account of Prophet Muhammad's life.
one of the best books .......2007-07-28
This is one of the best books I have read in a long time. very well explained and detail oriented from the point of view of the muslims
Great book for those serious about Muhammad's life.......2007-06-07
This book is not a breezy read. It should be taken in slowly given all the information it provides. It is a must-have for every book collection on Islam and The Prophet. Martin Lings, a convert to Islam, did an outstanding job.
An exellent book, best of its kind in English.......2007-04-11
Well written band based on historical sources this is probably the best biography of the Prophet Muhammad that you can buy. Mr Lings has been criticized by some Muslims of the Salafi/Wahabbi school of thought (Bilal Philips to name one) who were critical of a number of points in the book. Mostly on the passage where he says on the conquest on Mecca when all images inside the Kaba were erased Muhammad placed a protective hand over that of Abraham. He does point out in the footnotes that according to other sources all images were removed so I do not understand why Mr Philips was so critical of him.
The book is extreamly well written and covers all of the historical details of Muhammads life including events leading up to his birth and a brief history of Mecca.
Highly recomended for anyone who seriously wants to know about the Muslim religion.
excellent.......2007-01-25
item was delivered promptly and in good condition..I was very satisfied with my purchase and would recommend this user to anyone!
Average customer rating:
- Outstanding
- A Must Have
- Wonderful introduction to the life of Muhammad
- An enlightening piece of work
- A work of art
|
Muhammad
Manufacturer: Margaret K. McElderry
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
 Religious
| Biographies
| People & Places
| Children's Books
| Subjects
| Books
Islam
| Religions
| Children's Books
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Ages 4-8
| Children's Books
| Subjects
| Books
Demi
| ( D )
| Authors & Illustrators, A-Z
| Children's Books
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Religion & Spirituality
| Subjects
| Books
Children's Books
| Islam
| Religion & Spirituality
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Islam
| Religion & Spirituality
| Subjects
| Books
Look Inside Religion & Spirituality Books
| Trip
| Specialty Stores
| Books
Similar Items:
-
Buddha
-
Ayat Jamilah: Beautiful Signs: A Treasury of Islamic Wisdom for Children and Parents (Aesop Prize (Awards))
-
Jesus
-
Gandhi
-
The Dalai Lama: Foreword by His Holiness The Dalai Lama
ASIN: 0689852649 |
Book Description
Muhammad
is
the messenger of Islam.
Born in Mecca in the year 570, Muhammad grew into a sensitive and thoughtful man who believed deeply in the worship of one true god.
In his fortieth year, Muhammad experienced a revelation from the angel Gabriel that he, Muhammad, was the messenger of God. Over the next twenty-three years, he received many such revelations, all of which were written down by scribes at the time of revelation to become the Koran, the sacred scripture of Islam, a religion that is practiced by nearly one-quarter of the world's population and holds as its most sacred tenet that there is no god but God.
Through a clear text and stunning illustrations based upon those of traditional Islamic expression, the award-winning artist Demi here introduces the remarkable life of the Prophet Muhammad for young readers.
Customer Reviews:
Outstanding.......2007-09-04
Firstly, I hope nobody is reading the School Library Journal's shockingly bigoted and unprofessional "review of this book". I am writing directly to the SLJ to let them know how I feel about the "review" above which is not a review at all but a horribly ignorant and bigoted diatribe against Islam, rather than an actual review of this book. It appears that the author of the review simply didn't like the book because she has a lot of preconceived prejudices against Islam and Muslims and she is just upset that this book doesn't reflect her ideas. Very disappointing and unprofessional coming from a such a widely-regarded publication.
This book is an outstanding summary of the life of the Prophet Muhammad which is beautiful and informative for both children and adults. As a Muslim I find it deeply respectful and accurate. One minor issue for Muslims is that, while care is taken to obscure the face of the Prophet Muhammad as is the custom, there are faces on the picture that shows other Prophets (such as Moses and Jesus) and it appears that the author was not aware that the prohibition on depicting the faces is for all Prophets not just for Muhammad. Some Muslims I know have simply used gold-toned pens to cover them.
I use this book both for my children and for interfaith dialogue groups due to its brevity, accesibility, and sheer beauty.
A Must Have.......2006-03-08
This book is a classic and an absolutely beautiful book to own whether you have children or not. The quality of the artwork, gilded pages, style of writing, is excellent. I have personally purchased 3 additional copies that I gave as presents to friends who were so impressed as well. A bargain price for a great quality book!
Wonderful introduction to the life of Muhammad.......2003-12-25
This is a beautiful, brief biography of the life of Muhammad. Demi's illustrations are lovely and are a perfect complement to his life. Of course it does not cover every aspect of Muhammad's life, but it is respectful and Demi's selection of episodes in his life are accurate and not misleading at all. I highly recommend this book as an introduction to Muhammad and Islam.
An enlightening piece of work.......2003-11-12
Sensitive prose and detailed, beautiful illustrations in the style of Persian miniatures make this one of the best books for readers young (and old) seeking an introductory biographical sketch of the Prophet Muhammad and the story of the origins of Islam. What is most remarkable is that the author presents this story as it is widely understood within Islam-her sources and bookjacket endorsements are all Muslims-yet in a way that illuminates that understanding for non-Muslims. DD
A work of art.......2003-09-27
The illustrations in this book are amazing -- gold gilt and beautiful details. The text is easy to read and fluid and is the standard accepted scholarly biography of Muhammad's life. (This is not a revisionist religious studies discussion, after all, and she's not pushing any envelopes.)
Demi's tone is not reverent, but respectful and considerate. The review from School Library Journal above reveals more about the author's prejudices than this book's biases: she says that Muslims weren't supposed to be friends with Jews and Christians, but the Jews and Christians to whom the Qur'an refers were the ones persecuting the early Muslims in 7th century Arabia. The reviewer neglects to mention that the Qur'an also says that Muslims can MARRY Jews and Christians because of their elevated status in Islam (Jews and Christians are called "People of an Earlier Revelation").
Demi, on the other hand, has adopted a very appropriate tone for this book. In a children's book about Jesus or Moses or Krishna, I would want to see a respectful narrative tone, as well.
Highly recommended for both children and adults -- a lovely way to get to know something about the 2nd largest religion in the world.
Book Description
Just over a sixth of the world's population subscribes to the Muslim belief that `there is no god but God, and Muhammad is his Messenger'. Michael Cook gives an incisive account of the man who inspired this faith, drawing on the traditional Muslim sources to describe Muhammad's life and teaching. He also attempts to stand back from this traditional picture to question how far it is historically justified.
Customer Reviews:
Michael Cook in fine form.......2007-03-27
An interesting and original semi-biography. If you want a chronological description of his life, then this is not for you. But if you are interested in an original perspective, check out this small book.
The best short book on this subject that I have seen.......2003-09-01
I have been a serious student of the history of western religions for 5 or 6 years, with emphasis on the beginnings and early years of Christianity in the context of the cultures, philosophies and religions of the time (Jewish, Greek, Roman, Persian etc.), and the subsequent development of the 6th-7th century world in which Islam arose and flourished. I have accumulated a sizable reference collection and thought I hadn't missed very much. But I just ran across Michael Cook's 'Muhammad', and it is the book I would recommend that any interested beginner read for a short account of Muhammed and the origins of Islam. Only 89 pages, it is especially good on the relationships between Islam and its Arabian cultural roots, and between Islam and Judaism & Christianity. The writing style is so clear and effective that it took my breath away more than once. Other reviewers here criticize it as an apology for Islam, as speculating things that are in dispute, and as not being the best source on this subject. The first says less about this book or about Islam than it does about the reviewer. The second is true but trivial - Cook is clear that he is speculating when he does and it is a strength of this book that he is willing to. From my extensive reading, there is nothing in his speculations that is unreasonable. On the third, there are other good introductory books such as Karen Armstrong's 'History of God' and 'Islam', but this is the best well-written short treatment I have seen. Cook wrote a short, clear book in part by leaving out all the "maybes" and "so-and-so doesn't agree with this theory" verbiage. If you want a longer, every question & detail covered, a struggle to get through, reference-style treatment, well, they're out there. That's not what this is.
A Man and His Times.......2002-06-14
This book is not a biography of Muhammad; the Prophet's life is covered only in Chapter 2. It is rather an account of Muhammad in his historial context, with emphasis on pre-Islamic Arabia, the traditions of monotheism, and the sources for early Islamic history on which it is based.
The main flaw in this book is that it presents as authoritative information which is in reality quite controversial. For example, his chapter on Muhammad's life includes a brief phrase about the satanic verses incident (without calling it that) that fails to describe differing points of view on the subject. The whole chapter on the Prophet's life, and much of the rest of the book, has perhaps also been too much influences by anti-Semitism in the Middle East arising after the founding of Israel. He also reports lots of traditions outside the mainstream (such as Ishmaelite Arabs who followed Jewish law) without giving a clear indication of how they might have fit into the larger scheme of things.
His chapter on "The Sources," while perhaps the most controversial, does give a fair presentation of the dilemma scholars face as to whether the Islamic tradition about the Prophet is fundamentally correct or fundamentally a later invention. I disagree with his conclusion, but it's his book. Here he presents enough of the evidence for interested readers to make up their own minds.
Given the contraints of this series, Cook may have done all he could. This is an interesting work, but there are probably better ones out there.
Average customer rating:
- And otherwise good work...
- WOW!!!!!
- Omits references to the degradation of women
- A Must Read!! Which you won't be able to put down!
- A thrilling Read
|
Muhammad: Man and Prophet : A Complete Study of the Life of the Prophet of Islam
Adil Salahi
Manufacturer: Element Books Ltd
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
General
| Biographies & Memoirs
| Subjects
| Books
Religious
| Leaders & Notable People
| Biographies & Memoirs
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Religion & Spirituality
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Islam
| Religion & Spirituality
| Subjects
| Books
Muhammed
| Islam
| Religion & Spirituality
| Subjects
| Books
Similar Items:
-
Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources
ASIN: 186204290X |
Customer Reviews:
And otherwise good work..........2006-01-15
An overall well-written work. However the author's obvious anti-traditionalist bias (his constantly negative comments on the miracles, the mawlid etc.) intermittently distract from the reading.
WOW!!!!!.......2004-05-21
I really love this book! I started this book seeking to gain more knowledge about Islam and who the Muslims know as the last Prophet. Of course I started with some doubts...first of all, the book is, well, quite a heavy read. Heavy literally...it is kind of like lifting weights (which has totally helped me gain muscle, by the way!). But as I actually began reading, I found myself completley astonished by the amazing writing style and literary techniques used by the author in describing such an influential and completely wonderful man. My favorite part about the author's writing style was that he would take almost every instance and analyze it, pulling it into a modern day perspective, allowing Americans like myself to understand the tribal way Arabia was and how it became completely transformed into a place that promoted womens' rights and the equality of all people..
This is a real page turner! I have spent hours completely engrossed in this book, quenching my thirst for knowledge. I am amazed by the contrast of the personalities of the people as Muslims in comparsion to their personalities before the advent of Islam in Arabia. They were transformed from war starting, alocohal drinking, womanizing gamblers to pious, rightous men who worried about their brothers in Islam before they even thought about themselves.
This is a MUST MUUUUSSSTT read for all those who want to earnestly learn about Islam and Muslims.I would like to commend Salahi on his honest effort. It definitely must have taken many years of reserach to ensure the validity of the claims that were made in the book. That's another thing! Everything in this book is cited! Unlike many authors, Salahi didn't just decide whatever he was saying was right and stick it in the market. His work was throughly cited to accredited authors.
My hat goes off to Adil Salahi. As a woman living in America I sincerely have gained a wealth of knowledge and I sincerely hope to share that knowledge through letting others know about this golden book.
Omits references to the degradation of women.......2002-05-19
This text does not discuss the myriad hadith in which Mohammed describes women as "deficient in intellect." The author also omits discussion of the assassination of poets and writers who offended Mohammed, or the many stonings, cruxifixations and amputations carried out under Mohammed's direct command.
Child marriage was reinstituted in Iran as a result of the example of Mohammed's "marriage" to Ayesha, consummated when Ayesha was 9 and Mohammed was in his mid-50's.
A Must Read!! Which you won't be able to put down!.......2001-06-02
Al'hamdulillah What a read!! This is a book for everyone - Non-muslims, New Muslims and Muslims with some knowledge. Allah (SAW) has gifted Adil Salahi with a talent for excellant story telling from start to finish. When you begin to read this book you are fully immersed in the World of this Great and final prophet of God. This book makes you go through alot of emotions. Believe me I COULD NOT put this book down. A soon as I finished it I was dying to visit the land where it all happended. So I did, I went to Haj!!
A thrilling Read.......1999-09-07
Being a modern muslim I have wanted to learn more about theroots of my religion for a long time. Due to the inadequate supply ofEnglish translations or English written works this has proved to be a problematic journey.
I came across this book through searching Amozon one lonley night and it proved to be a thrilling read. The book provides and un-biased and factually based account of events that lead to the development of one of the worlds largest religions. 5 Stars
Customer Reviews:
Muhammad (Critical Lives).......2007-03-14
Beautifully written in a story like formate, which was easy to follow and visualize. I would highly recommend to all readers interested in this topic!
Almost perfect - Powerful biography of the Final Prophet (PBUH).......2007-03-08
Yahya Emerick has written a masterful and gripping account of the incredible life led by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). His ability to keep the reader interested at all times is the key to this book. He keeps matters simple yet accurate without getting lost in the overwhelming topic literature that exists out there. Just like another reviewer mentioned earlier I too felt like I was right there with the Prophet (pbuh) and his Companions. The tone and the content are consistent and give a fair, balanced view of the background that led to many events. A classic example of the author's writing ability is displayed in the inspiring and almost poetic narration of Al-Miraj and Al-Isra. The book also maintains its balance while educating the reader regarding the Prophet's personal, spiritual, political and uniquely influential life.
The only section of the book that deviates from this incredible uniformity stretches roughly from page 154-160. The content here regarding the prelude to the Battle of Badr (missed attempts at attacking Abu Sufyan's loaded Meccan caravan) and the Prophet's actions is rather questionable in light of the authentic material available on the matter. This very small but crucial part of the book seems out of place as it ascribes actions far less than prophetic to one (the Prophet) who had such a close relationship with God and His angel Gabriel.
Overall this is the finest account of the Prophet's life that I've read so far; far more interesting than Martin Lings' book and far superior to the book from Karen Armstrong. Highly recommended.
Honoring The Prophet pbh.......2006-10-29
I enjoyed reading this book very much. I felt as if I were right there with the Prophet pbh and the companions. I felt as if I were experencing every trial, victory, and defeat. Very well written reads like a narrative. Not political, choppy, wishy washy, or even biased. One is able to get a clear and fair understanding of the wars, executions, culture, and tribal customs of that time. I also appreciated the way Mr. Emerick was able to discuss the Prophets pbh lineage with out getting lost in translation or the details. I also felt he addressed belief issues by explaining the difference of opinion amongst scholars concerning the trip to the Dome of The Rock, not leaning toward either arguements. Which is why I felt he was fair. He didn't try to butter up the reality, hide anything as if something were wrong. If you're looking for a book to read about the Prophet Muhammad that will give you a clear understanding of who he was, and what his message was, I recommend this book. If you need an eman or faith boost I recommend this book.
excellent read.......2006-09-24
I've heard of Yahya Emerick before, and own the Idiot's Guide to Understanding Islam, so I was pretty sure when I found this book in my basement that it would be a good read. I wasn't wrong, either! Besides having an absolutely gorgeous cover (which I always judge a book by :D), it is an easy, pleasant read and contains some really valuble information.
The Prophet's (PBUH) life and personality is portrayed very well in this book. I really admire how Emerick was able to blend his personal, religious, and political life together, giving us a very multi-faceted and well-rounded view of what the Prophet was like. For Muslims and non-Muslims both, it contains information that is sometimes little known about the prophet and Islam. Highly recommended!
One of the Best.......2006-07-24
I have Martin Ling's book too but whenever I open and try to read it, I get bored and quickly put it aside. But the moment I opened this one, I just had to read it to end. There is something about the way he writes. It is very simple and very magnetic. It is a great book for those who do not know and a good refresher for those who already know. It takes you from the 21 century and put you right there in the seventh century. The other good thing about it is it connects some Quran's verses with the historical context and circumstance of its revelations. And that clarifies where, how, and under what condition some verses of Quran were revealed. I highly recommend this book.
Book Description
Professor Guillaume's translation of the Sira of Ibn Ishaq is now reissued. The translator used Ibn Hisham's abridgement and also included many additions and variants found in the writings of early authors. The book thus presents in English practically all that is known of the life of the Prophet. In the introduction, the translator discusses the character of the Sira in the light of the opinion of early Arabian scholars, noting especially the difficulties of the poetry. As the earliest monument of Arabian prose literature, the Sira remains a work of the first importance.
Customer Reviews:
If you want to know the truth about Muhammed.........2007-09-24
Read this book as this is considered authentic and most revealing about Muhammed and his cruelty!! Excellent resource for debunking and exposing Islam and Muhammed! I highly recommend this tome!!
Probably the best resource out there .......2007-08-30
Ibn Ishaq was the earliest, and probably the most thorough, of Islam's historians. He never claimed that everything he heard was the perfect, absolute fact; rather, he very frankly writes "so-and-so said this, but so-and-so said that." Most of the discrepancies he cites are minor, and the vast majority of the incidents he cites are surprisingly consistent with what other Muslim historians say.
Later, Ibn Hisham produced a "rescinded" version of Ibn Ishaq's work, including in his work an introduction that explains frankly that he cut parts that others might find offensive. It is actually this work that survives -- to date no complete copy of Ibn Ishaq's orginial work has been found.
Meanwhile, however, other Muslim historians commented on Ibn Ishaq's work (before it was rescinded and lost) and quoted from it extensively. Guilliaume has taken these pieces and added them back in, and has indicated clearly what has been added, diligently citing the source of the addition in each case.
While this book is not exactly light reading, it is fascinating, and essential for understanding the context of the Quran. The Quran and the Life of Muhammad should be read side by side to really get an understanding of how Islam developed over the course of Muhammad's life.
Don't be put off by the extremely thorough names -- clan and lineage was an integral part of life in sixth-century Arabia so a person's name often is listed as "A son of B son of C son of D son of E of the clan F." It's even worse when they list four or five people that way, taking up two-thirds of a paragraph before getting to a verb, but just skip over this and read the great stories. This is a fascinating read and a fabulous academic resource.
If you want something a little easier to read, get Martin Lings' book: Muhammad, His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. A work of impeccable scholarship, this book is shorter, easier to read, and, while it is largely based on Ibn Ishaq, it also includes some other sources considered authentic by Islamic scholars. Lings won awards in Pakistan and Egypt for the book, which is in its third printing and is sold all over the Muslim world.
Again, the frustrating thing about any book on the life of Muhammad will be keeping track of who's who -- there are so many characters and many of them share the same name, so you have to make an effort to keep track of which Abdullah and which Sa'd they are talking about. (For example, at one point both of Muhammad's personal bodyguards were named Sa'd.) To add further confusion, the most polite way to address someone in Arabic is "Father of so-and-so" or "Mother of so-and-so" but Martin Lings is pretty good about using one form or the other consistently throughout the book. Also, there is a helpful index in the back of both Guillaume's and Lings' book for when you can't remember who's who.
Either of these books is essential reading if you are studying the Quran or Islam.
An extremely important primary source.......2007-05-31
If you really want to learn more about the early years of Islam and its founder, this book is superior to almost all modern interpretations of Islam, which are invariably tainted with pcism. This is the oldest "sira" (biography) of Mohammad and, as such, is very authoritative amongst Muslims. As for the comments made by some reviewers that the translation is "tainted," this is a false assertion. Regarding the issue of the Satanic Verses, the reason it's included in Ishaq's book is because it is found in the great historian, al-Tabari's volumes. And as Guiliame (sp?) makes clear in his intro, the original biography of Ibn Ishaq's is no longer extant and exists only in recessions, al-Tabari's being one of them. So Guilliame makes it a point to include al-Tabari's excerpts, with, if I rightly recall, an asterisk and in parantheses. That's what's called "scholarship"; the whining made by the (apparently mostly Muslim) reviewers are called "smokescreens."
Essential Analytical Resource.......2006-10-30
Ibn Ishaq wrote the Sirat Rasul Allah and the original of that work no longer exists.
Apparently Ishaq provided an unvarnished view of Mohammad and early Islamic practices and history. Those original works were edited by Ibn Hisham (and translated by Guillaume) who censored Ishaq in an early form of "political correctness." For example, Hisham states that he intentionally omitted portions that did not address Mohammad and "about which the Quran says nothing, ..., things which are disgraceful to discuss; matters which would distress certain people; and such reports as al-Bakka'a told me he could not accept as trustworthy (p. 691). Hisham's censorship appears consistent with Sharia law practices and rulings which may be found in "Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law", Book R (Holding One's Tongue), Chapter 2, (Slander), Section 2; and 6, Chapter 23 (Asking About Another's Mistakes) Section 1; Chapter 8 (Lying) Section 2: Chapter 10, (Giving A Misleading Impression) Section 1; Chapter 20, (Picking Apart Another's Words), Section 2 (Giving a Positive Interpretation to Others Seeming Mistakes).; Chapter 24, (Searching Out A Person's Faults); Chapter 36, (Revealing a Secret) Section 1.
However, according to the publishers, in this translation, Guillaume also incorporated a number of additions and variants found in the writings of early authors and what we have, according to the publishers, "may represent in English most of what is known of the life of" Mohammad.
The book is divided into three parts. Part 1 is The Genealogy of Muhammad; Traditions from the Pre-Islamic Era; Muhammad's Childhood and Early Manhood. Part 2 is Muhammad's Call and Preaching in Mecca. Part 3 is Muhammad's Migration to Medina, His Wars, Triumph, and Death.
Part 3 is relevant to the modern researcher in that it contains a comprehensive list of attacks against Non Muslims. These attacks are the result of Mohammad's contention that Allah ordered him to fight non-Muslims and the background for that "revelation" begins on page 212 (Allah orders Muhammad to Fight.)
The lists of attacks, about 45 or so, and a couple of defensive operations, are identified:
The first raid: on Waddan.(p. 281)
Hamza's raid to the coast (p. 283)
Raid on Buwat (p. 285)
Raid on al-Ushayra (p. 285)
Raid on al-Kharrar (p. 286)
Raid on Safawan (p. 286)
Battle of Badr (p. 289)
Raid on B. Sulaym (p.360)
Raid called al-Sawig (p. 361)
Raid on Dhu Amarr (p. 362)
Raid on al- Furu (p. 362)
Attack on B. Qaynuqa (p. 363)
Raid on al-Qarada (p. 364)
Battle of Uhud (p. 370)
Raid of Dhatu'l Riqa (p. 445)
Last Expedition to Badr (p. 447)
Raid on Dumatu'l-Jandal (p. 449)
Battle of the Ditch (p. 456) (a defensive operation)
Attack on B. Qurayza (p. 461)
Attack on B. Lihyan (p. 485)
Attack on Dhu Qarad (p. 486)
Attack on B.al-Mustaliq (p. 490)
Expedition to Kharbar (p. 510)
Raid on Muta (p. 531)
Khalid destroys al-Uzza (p. 565)
Battle of Hunayn (p. 566)
Capture of al-Ta'if (p. 587
Raid on Tabuk (p. 602)
Destruction of al-Lat (p. 615)
Usama's expedition to Palestine (p. 652)
Ghalib's raid on B. al-Mulawwah (p. 660)
Zayd's raid on Judham (p. 662)
Zayd' raid on B.Fazara and the death of Umm Qirfa (p. 664)
Abdullah b. Rawaha's raid to kill al-Yusayr (p. 665)
Abdullah b. Unays's raid to kill Khalid b. Sufyan (p. 666)
Uyayna's raid on B, al-Anbar (p. 667)
Ghalib's raid on B.Murra (p. 667)
Amr b. al-'As's raid on Dhatu'l Salasil (p. 668)
Ibn Abu Hadrad's raid on Idam (p. 669)
His (Ibn Abu Hadrad) raid on Ghaba (p. 671)
Abdu'l Rahman's raid on Dumatu'l-Jandal (p. 672)
Abu Ubayda's raid to the coast (p. 673)
Salim b. Umayr's raid to kill Abu `Afak (p. 673)
Umayr b. Adiy's raid to kill Asma (p. 675)
Alqama's raid (p. 677)
Kurz's raid on the Bajilis (p. 677)
Ali's raid on the Yaman (p. 678)
Ishaq gives "A Summary of Muhammad's raids and expeditions" (p. 659) recounting that Muhammad personally led 27 raids and actually fought in nine (9) engagements: Badr; Uhud, al-Kandaq; Qurayza; al-Mustaliq; Khubar; the occupation; Hunayn and al-Ta-if.. (p. 660).
Ishaq provides details identifying names of both Muslims and Non-Muslims in multiple engagements, sequencing and phasing of the fighting characterizing various attacks, description, background and narratives of specifically targeted assassination raids, and of the murders of other raid and expedition survivors. For example, the attack on B.Fazara resulted in the capture of Umm Qirfa Fatima d. Rabi'a b. Badr. "She was a very old woman, wife of Malik." And she was murdered "by putting a rope to her two legs and to two camels and driving until they rent her in two (p. 665). Muhammad's piecemeal, leisurely, butchery of between 600 - 900 survivors of the raid on B. Qurayza is described on page 464 and the parceling of the Qurayza property, women and (36) horses among the Muslims is described on page 466.
Contained in each of these descriptions are examples of the planning, execution, discipline and tactics that should be of interest to modern day analysts who are confronted by actors modeling themselves on the examples of Mohammad and his followers.
Whether one is evaluating Mohammad as a self proclaimed prophet, military or diplomatic leader, this particular book is an essential source for analysts and researchers who need the best practical historical record.
Correct misconceptions.......2006-09-12
Hadith, which means tradition is a report of the Prophet's words, deeds, and attitude made by one of his contemporaries. Accepted collections of Hadith are referred to as Sunnah--Muhammad's speeches, sayings, deeds, and actions--are considered to be inspired by Allah. Sunnah is based on works compiled in the eight to tenth centuries, from which all accounts of the revelations of the Qur'an and early years of Islam are derived.
"Sunnah is primarily the work of five Islamic authors whose works are universally accepted to have profoundly influenced Muslim custom, worship, and law.
"Ibn Ishaq's Sira, the Biography of Muhammad, entitled Sirat Rasul Allah, 750 CE, is the earliest record of Muhammad's life and the formation of Islam. It's a collection of Hadith--oral reports--of Muhammad's and his companion's words, deeds, and attitudes. There is no earlier or more accurate source. The Sira is arranged in chronological order, which provides a method for placing the jumbled surahs found in the Qur'an' in proper order.
There is no surviving copy of Ishaq's original manuscript. Ibn Hisham edited and abridged Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah--sanitized might be a better term--in 830 C. E. In the foreword of his revision, Hisham wrote `I am omitting things which Ishaq recorded in this book. I have omitted things which are disgraceful to discuss and matters which would distress certain people.' Hisham's revision was translated as The Life of Muhammad by Alfred Guillaume, and published in 1979 and reprinted in 2002 by the Oxford Press.
The above comment is an abridged excerpt from my next book, The Last Days of Islam.
Since this is considered a religious text, translated from the early Arbic, providing a rating is meaningless.
Book Description
This impressive biographical work deftly weaves translated accounts from authentic Ottoman Turkish texts with ancient lore, resulting in a compelling, unforgettable portrait of the founder of Islam as seen through the eyes of Muslims around the world.
Customer Reviews:
Excellent book, Excellent Read........2007-09-17
I would recommend this book to anyone who is of the Ahl-as-Sunnah faith. The book approaches the life of Rasulullah (s.a.w.) in a much richer fashion and is an enjoyable read. It must be noted that the author of this book is the wife of a well known Naqshbandi Sheikh.
unauthentic stories found.......2007-08-17
I purchased the book from the great comments.
As I was scanning through the pages (didn't even start reading yet), I found many unauthentic stories.
One as an example, on page 29, she claims that Allah told Prophet Mohammad in a Hadith Qudsi "were it not for you, I would not have created the universe". ??
Also, I found her when she was explaining about the when Prophet Mohammed took over Makkah and (to the nearest meaning to what she wrote) "Prophet Mohammed picked him and got Bilal on top of Kabaa and that Bilal saw the havens." I don't understand where the author got this information from.
I advice you to skip this book, unless you want to put Prophet Mohammed in a higher level as others did to their prophets.
I want to advice my dear respected author to please review your work with a Sunni scholar. I am sorry but I had to give it a one star.
Excellent at what it was meant to do, but not much else.......2006-10-30
This book is one which was written for one main purpose which is to increase the love of the Prophet (saws) in the hearts of whoever reads it. If it is read for that purpose this book is rivaled only by the Shifa of Qadi Iyad. I honestly was brought to tears almost every time I read this book and I think if you can read this whole book with dry eyes you need to check your pulse.
On the negative side I thought that far too much time was spent on certain subjects while others were virtually ignored. An example is that over 100 pages was spent on the mi'raj. This was an important event and the source used for this section was very good, but I think that it would have been much more beneficial to publish a commentary on the Dalail al-Khayrat separately rather than bogging down the book with minute details of the event. The book is also a little slow getting started and I originally had trouble getting into it. The lack of a index was also a glaring and annoying omission that caused me to waste lots of time flipping through pages. Finally, this book is not for those who are looking for an account based on modern ideas of historical accuracy. The author unashamedly uses weak reports which is an accepted practice by muslim scholars, but is not considered valid by orientalists.
If you accept this book as the devotional piece that it is then it will exceed your expectations. If you try and use it for other purposes you will likely end up frustrated and disappointed.
THE BEAUTIFUL TRUTH.......2006-03-28
This book is OUTSTANDING! Never have I read a biography of the most blessed Prophet Muhammad peace and blessings upon him so beautifully written! All the events in this book are true and the wonderful author is definatly a reliable source! I have read other biographies of the Prophet Muhammad(pbu) and the events in this one are not any different, but only written with so much more love and care....a beautuful story-telling like biography of the most beautiul being EVER...
Lacks scholarship.......2005-08-14
This book lacks scholarship, and therefore, is not for serious reading on the life of Mohammed AS. The teachings of Islam and Mohammed have set an everlasting harmony between the concept of justice and social order, for an ideal form of world-order that we are nervously after. The speed and mutational dexterity with which Mohammed's movement took off, and provided desperately needed reformations to a society notoriously characterized as Jahilia, is missing.
In general, I would like to mention that the information presented by the authors, is a feeble attempt to invoke the spiritual component of Islam and makes no effort to delve into the crux of the inherent power that its message generates, in addition to the thought provoking disposition it imparts to the society. In short, Quranic Islam, and not any home grown version of it, has the potential to take another one billion in its fold. Success of Mohammed's message echoed through justice, respect, human rights, and peaceful co-existence, focused on all the fundamental needs of society. In essence Islam offers a complete way of life, that no other religion does.
There are a lot of inaccuracies and unnecessary and mostly fabricated details about events that do not provide any positive effect on the reader. Historically important aspects are either masked under illusionary details or misleading. The authors forget that Mohammed was sent to reform mankind through his teachings and training. His life is to be valued as exemplary, flawless and superior to any one in the mankind.
Towards the end, the authors talk about the succession to Mohammed, a highly controversial issue. It is interesting to note that the explanation they provide, in defense of how and why Abu Baker was the right choice turns out to be vague and unconvincing. In that same segment concerning Mohammed's last pilgrimage they quote him as saying "of whomsoever I am master, Ali is his master". There are two problems here. First, the translation that they have is incorrect. Second, Mawla in the original statement is implied to represent master/vicegerent in a similar manner that Aaron was to Moses. This hadith is universally accepted (Al Tabari and Ahmed b. Hambal).
Another attention-grabbing component about this book is that it is loaded with Ali Ibn Abi Talib's great achievements and contributions to Islam and Mohammed. In a similar context, Abu Baker and Umar are also mentioned but subliminally. In fact, there are sections about Umar that are disturbing and repugnant (See pages 133-134 of this book). After reading it, one is at a loss to understand how this behavior is acceptable in accordance to Islamic standards. Quran, according to Maududi has established very high standards in defining the required characteristics of a Kalifa.
There are unlimited sources available to address these issues. The task is simple for a person with an open mind and a strong desire to seek the truth.
For an unbiased in-depth understanding of this crisis I suggest Ibn Ishaaq, Ibn Yacubi, Al Tabari, Maududi, Al Tijani, and SHM Jafri to name a few.
Books:
- James Dean: Fifty Years Ago
- Laurence Olivier: A Biography
- Leni: The Life and Work of Leni Riefenstahl
- Lenin: A Biography
- Life Together: The Classic Exploration of Faith in Community
- Little House on the Prairie Boxed Set ((9 Books) Little House On the Prairie; Farmer Boy; On the Banks of Plum Creek; the Long Winter; These Happy Golden Years; the First Four Years; By the Shores of Silver Lake; Little House In the Big Woods; Little Town On the Prairie)
- Long Way Round: The Illustrated Edition: Chasing Shadows Across the World
- Los Caprichos
- Lou's on First: The Tragic Life of Hollywood's Greatest Clown Warmly Recounted by his Youngest Child
- Love in Black and White: A Memoir of Race, Religion, and Romance
Books Index
Books Home
Recommended Books
- Lady in the Water
- A Random Walk Down Wall Street: The Time-Tested Strategy for Successful Investing, Ninth Edition
- The Cat Who Came to Breakfast
- The Absolute At Large
- The Crow
- Arterial Blood Gas Analysis Made Easy
- Waterloo: New Perspectives: The Great Battle Reappraised
- On Edge: Performance at the End of the Twentieth Century
- Simple Path
- Fundamentals of Contemporary Financial Management
Western Muslims and the Future of Islam
Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time (Eminent Lives)
Lost History: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers, and Artists
The Qur'an: A Biography (Books That Changed the World)
Mecca and Main Street: Muslim Life in America after 9/11
