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The story of the Salem witchcraft trials is well known, from both historical accounts and dramatic retellings, such as Arthur Miller's play The Crucible. Cornell historian Mary Beth Norton now offers a significant reinterpretation of the events that (by her count) led to legal action against at least 144 people, 54 confessions of witchcraft, 19 hangings, and one "pressing to death ... by heavy stones." Norton's contribution is to contextualize what happened. She studies not just Salem itself, but all of Essex County and northern New England, because so many of the people involved in the witchcraft crisis didn't live in Salem proper. She also says these grim events must be understood in relation to King William's War, which the early Americans called the Second Indian War. This frontier conflict and the religious interpretations thrust upon it created the conditions for what happened in Salem and the surrounding region, which, says Norton, would not have occurred in the war's absence. As might be expected, her narrative does not proceed along traditional lines. It is driven more by the academic imperative to break scholarly ground than by the urge to tell a harrowing story. For readers interested in knowing what really happened at Salem, though, In the Devil's Snare may be the best source. --John J. Miller
Book Description
Award-winning historian Mary Beth Norton reexamines the Salem witch trials in this startlingly original, meticulously researched, and utterly riveting study.
In 1692 the people of Massachusetts were living in fear, and not solely of satanic afflictions. Horrifyingly violent Indian attacks had all but emptied the northern frontier of settlers, and many traumatized refugees—including the main accusers of witches—had fled to communities like Salem. Meanwhile the colony’s leaders, defensive about their own failure to protect the frontier, pondered how God’s people could be suffering at the hands of savages. Struck by the similarities between what the refugees had witnessed and what the witchcraft “victims” described, many were quick to see a vast conspiracy of the Devil (in league with the French and the Indians) threatening New England on all sides. By providing this essential context to the famous events, and by casting her net well beyond the borders of Salem itself, Norton sheds new light on one of the most perplexing and fascinating periods in our history.
Customer Reviews:
Great perspective on the Salem Witchcraft trials.......2007-07-07
Mary Beth Norton is a great historian who does thorough research. In this book, she goes over an old topic but looks at it in a completely new way. She does deal with the issue of why it was primarily women who were accused or doing the accusing. Her main argument, however, is that the witchcraft trials in Salem were a product of the Indian wars. I've studied this topic for a couple years now and this is a refreshing, new approach to the topic. A great, and very easy, read.
Context, context, context!.......2005-10-07
Professor Norton has done us a great service by refusing the prevailing myopia with which most of us analyze the witchcraft accusations of Essex County, Massachusetts in 1692. One cannot simply look at the events themselves, but must allow the gaze to expand to the social, historical, religious and military realities around those events. In the case of Essex County, they combined in a way that could be considered a ticking bomb of sorts.
If you are like me, then the French and Indian Wars exist only on the periphery of your social memory. We all heard about these wars in our school history classes as a prelude to the American Revolution. Militarily, they were a bloody mess and even George Washington is said to have performed in a way that is less than satisfactory. That's about all I remembered.
In the hands of Professor Norton, however, those wars became real to me because they became the context for the suffering of many who were intricately involved in the Essex County witch hysteria. As I read IN THE DEVIL'S SNARE, I heard of settlers on the "Maine frontier" who lost loved ones to savage brutality of the First French and Indian War and who fled from it in the hope of preserving their lives. As soon as hostilities ended these survivors returned. When war broke out for the second time they either fled again or were killed in a brutal manner.
As the author demonstrates, these pious souls believed themselves a shining example of true Christian living. Yet they came to understand themselves to be under siege by the devil. The language they used to describe him and to explain their own terror is starkly synonymous with their descriptions of the enraged native warriors who attacked their settlements, often in retaliation for being cheated and mistreated.
This is not a beginner's book. It is full of exact details, including legal, historical and social analysis. One would do well to begin elsewhere to understand the witch hysteria of 1692. But once you have the general story, turn to Norton's terrific volume for the details. It is insightful and engrossing.
Here's what we know about Salem.......2005-09-03
I've read over a few of the reviews written thus far about In the Devil's Snare, and apparently the other reviewers have reached two conclusions about Mary Beth Norton's work. The first is that it is exhaustive. The second is that the read can be exhausting.
To the first point, Norton has certainly done her research. Looking not only at the people and events in the town, she examines the various effects of Indian wars on the people of the communities. Particularly, she demonstrates how the fear generated by the presumed devilish Indians in the Maine frontier may have primed the villagers - many of them refugees from that conflict - towards higher susceptibility to notions of witchcraft in their midst. But this, though new, is not the only factor. Indeed, there are so many historians have devised over the centuries that even Norton's sizeable work does not address them all in detail. But detail there is, in the close look at the trials and investigations. I think few works will tell as much about so many of the people involved. Also not neglected is some sense of the historiography of this most popular of subjects. Norton is willing to state what is conjecture or just common sense on her own part, and to do the same for other past research.
As far as being exhausting, it is. Consider that most of the cases play out very similarly, with endless questioning and answering by the parties involved. Consider also that many of the daily experiences of the settlers were similar. In short, consider that there's a lot of repetitive material to go over, in depth, with much the same tale told. Though personal opinion only, I didn't find Norton's style to be very engaging, which is surprising considering how much drama has been written about the trials. But monographs are not novels, so the interested reader is simply reminded that this is an informative but far from gripping read.
A Fantastic Study of the Salem Crisis........2004-11-09
Many authors have studied the Witch Trials that occurred in Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1692, but none has analyzed contemporary events that shaped the lives of the trials' participants seeking to explain how such hysteria could have gripped the population. 'In The Devil's Snare; The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692' does just that, and is a fantastically detailed account of the Trials and events surrounding them.
Mary Beth Norton, who holds the position of Mary Donlon Alger Professor of American History at Cornell and is one of America's most respected historians, has here presented the most complete analysis of the Trials to date. Norton's highly detailed account relies on exhaustive research of surviving texts, both public and private, relating not only to the trials' proceedings but also historical information regarding life in the Bay Colony and on the frontier. She chronicles the wars between the colonists and the Wabanaki Indians, showing how the many battles and massacres preyed upon the minds of the colonists, causing them to be suspicious and fearful, and demonstrating many cross references between events in the Trials and the Indian war. Norton also delves into the social status of women and men at the time of the Trials, illustrating how the Trials gave a group of young women power and prestige in their male-dominated society. Professor Norton completes the book with an impressive series of appendices, including lists of Cases Heard by the Court of Oyer and Terminer, Participants in the Crisis with Ties to the Frontier, etc., etc.
'In the Devil's Snare' should appeal to any with an interest in history in general and especially to those interested in early Colonial history, and is the most complete treatment available of the Salem Witch Trials.
Tedious book.......2004-09-12
The only reason I am reading this book is because it is mandatory for my American history class in college. I am on page 139, and Mary Norton has still not even remotely reached an accessible theory. I don't know if she's going to or not. One can only hope. To say this is the worst book I've ever read would be an exaggeration, but not a great one. Mary Norton CANNOT make a cohesive point. She rambles extensively and flips about in time, so even if you were familiar enough with the story to know what happened, you'd still probably have a hard time following this account. It's nearly impossible to keep track of what's going on, and just when you think you might have a weak grasp on the story, she goes into a completely unrelated topic. I think she is trying to link them together, but the book moves so incredibly slowly that by the time you've finished a page, you've forgotten what happened before then. It's just a singularly dry (and under-edited) account of an interesting incident in history. I would not recommend this book for voluntary reading.
Customer Reviews:
One of the greatest American prose stylists........2001-01-06
Mind you, this isn't idle worship - this book is a masterpiece of American Literature, and along with 'Civil Disobedience', represents one of the greatest literary minds America has ever known. Thoreau stands with Dickinson, Emerson, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman as one of the greats of his era. Indeed, in the 1850's when 'Walden' was originally published, it occasionally sat beside 'Moby-Dick' and 'Song of Myself' on book shop shelves. In reading Thoreau, one comes to understand the scholar and the naturalist that have so profoundly come together next to Walden Pond; their combination seems to express some of the most basic underpinnings of American life. More than that however, their intertwining through insight and spiritualism evokes a thoughtful reverence for life in its entirety. Thoreau's ruminations are striking, not merely for their deep beauty and sentiment, but for their delving examination of the human soul. The way in which he blends the substantive and the sublime, bringing the reader to Walden Pond in mind, body, and soul, deserves praise as one of the highest forms of art. One cannot help but wonder at the depth - of Thoreau, of the spirit, and of Walden Pond.
scholarly oversight of Thoreau.......2000-09-08
I really enjoyed Walden, it's a very deep philosophical book. Thoreau is very insightful, and he is also very intelligent. I admire his capability to digress on different subjects and expand on the topics. His profound statments make an individual contemplate and search his inner soul for his true identity. This book, if read carefully and with much thought, can really impact one's life. It can help one search themselves and think differently about life in general. I would encourage people to read this book if they have a good grasp on their life because it could be confusing and somewhat depressing at times, depending on the maturity level of the individual. If one has an interest to read this, it can be very enjoyable, and challenging at the same time.
scholarly oversight of Thoreau.......2000-09-08
I really enjoyed Walden, it's a very deep philosophical book. Thoreau is very insightful, and he is also very intelligent. I admire his capability to digress on different subjects and expand on the topics. His profound statments make an individual contemplate and search his inner soul for his true identity. This book, if read carefully and with much thought, can really impact one's life. It can help one search themselves and think differently about life in general. I would encourage people to read this book if they have a good grasp on their life because it could be confusing and somewhat depressing at times, depending on the maturity level of the individual. If one has an interest to read this, it can be very enjoyable, and challenging at the same time.
Customer Reviews:
Where Did American Democracy Originate?.......2006-01-27
"A New England Town" is a fascinating exploration of the evolution of Dedham, Massachusetts, from its founding as a haven for English Puritans in 1636 over its first century. An example of the local historical investigations in vogue during the latter 1960s, in which the author teases out details about an individual community but effectively draws linkages to broader concerns and themes, Kenneth Lockridge offered a compelling portrait of colonial life, society, economics, and politics in New England. Lockridge is a follower of the French Annales School most identified with Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre, and Ferdinand Braudel which seeks to shift the focus from conventional historical themes and methods toward comprehensive human activity and large-scale social change over long periods of time.
"A New England Town" carries out this task quite effectively. Most importantly, Lockridge explodes the myth of the democratic New England town in which resolute Yeoman farmers and common tradesmen made the laws in a consensus manner. What we find is that while Dedham started as a utopian, communal experiment, it quickly evolved into something else as competing world views demolished Puritan hegemony. In that conflict all parties had to ensure that the rights of the minority were not trampled upon. In an irony too great to ignore, Lockridge documents how political conflict fostered the rise of democratic institutions as bulwarks against oppression. It was the second and third generations of Dedham's inhabitants who created this system, and ensured minority protection, not the original Puritans who founded the town.
I first read "A New England Town" in graduate school in the latter 1970s and was impressed with what seemed its exceptionally fresh approach, both in terms of methodology (heavily demographic), and perspective (the Annales school). Having just reread the work, I find that it remains an important benchmark in the historiography of colonial North America and Puritanism. I recommend it as a foundational work on the subject.
Too Smart For Thier Own Good.......1999-09-11
Lockridge, a new socialist writer, bases his text on wills, deeds, and other hard evidence. This makes for an acedemically full but un-interesting read. He does do a good job of showing how the Puritans failed by succeeding. For anyone looking for the most complete view of early New England, this is it.
Average customer rating:
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Patriots and Partisans: The Merchants of Newburyport, 1764-1815 (The Norton library)
Benjamin Woods Labaree
Manufacturer: W W Norton & Co Inc
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Book Description
1894. Hawthorne, who, like Edgar Allan Poe, took a dark view of human nature, was a central figure in the American Renaissance. His best-known works include The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables. Renouncing the city for a pastoral life, a group of utopians set out to reform a dissipated America. But the group is a powerful mix of competing ambitions and its idealism finds little satisfaction in farmwork. Instead, of changing the world, the members of the Blithedale community individually pursue egotistical paths that ultimately lead to tragedy. Hawthorne's tale both mourns and satirizes a rural idyll not unlike that of nineteenth-century America at large. The Blithedale Romance shadows the Brook Farm, in Roxbury, which was occupied and cultivated by a company of socialists. See other titles by this author available from Kessinger Publishing.
Download Description
But it was fortunate for us, on that wintry eve of our untried life, to enjoy the warm and radiant luxury of a somewhat too abundant fire. If it served no other purpose, it made the men look so full of youth, warm blood, and hope, and the women--such of them, at least, as were anywise convertible by its magic--so very beautiful, that I would cheerfully have spent my last dollar to prolong the blaze.
Customer Reviews:
Light and shadow.......2006-07-04
The narrator, a poet, Miles Coverdale, describes Zenobia's bloom as health and vigor. It is determined that they, the community members, would not make good market gardeners and that they should look into the raising of pigs.
Hollingsworth arrives with Priscilla who seeks shelter to be in Zenobia's company. She is a thin pale thing, and her origins are not known. Hollingsworth is not really interested in socialism, he is interested in the reformation of criminals.
A committee is formed to name the community and Blithedale is the result. Hollingsworth joins the group because its members are estranging themselves from the world. Coverdale feels that the man, Hollingsworth, is fast going mad. May Day is to be a movable festival. Coverdale discovers that neither he nor Robert Burns is able to combine farming and poetry.
A stranger, Westevelt, wants to meet with Zenobia privately. It seems that she has another name. Miles Coverdale dislikes the stranger who, among other things, refers to the utopian experiment mockingly. Coverdale overhears Zenobia and Westervelt discussing Priscilla. Zernobia tells the story of the Veiled Lady and throws a piece of gauze over Priscilla who faints.
One has to understand here the context of Hawthorne's writing, his immersion in literature--gothicism, orientalism, romanticism, transcendentalism, even melodrama. Too, the novel is titled a romance. Hawthornes's themes and concerns included issues of identity, claustrophobia, detrimental influence, whiteness, purity.
The community is planning to erect a Philanstery Coverdale relates. The land has not yet been acquired in fee and Hollingswoth wants to take over the site for his project involving the reforming of the wicked. Hollingsworth invites Coverdale to join his enterprise. Miles learns that Zenobia is to be part of the plan. He decides to leave Blithedale. Emotions are fraught. Zenobia says she regrets not taking Coverdale into her confidence.
Situated at a hotel in town, Miles sees Westervelt, Zenobia, and Priscilla. Westervelt has cat-like circumspection and detects Miles's presence. He comes to see that his shadowing of Zenobia at her house in town is absurd and he goes to the house to present himself.
Later, approaching Blithedale again, he feels simultaneously dread and gaiety. A masque is taking place in the woods. Zenobia charges Hollingsworth with self-deception. She claims she is sick of playing at philanthropy and progress. It seems that Hollingsworth has cast her aside. She dies by drowning and Miles Coverdale is led to forgive Hollingswoth for hgis role in the catastrophe. In the end MIles Coverdale confesses to the reader that he loves Zenobia's sister, Priscilla.
This is, of course, famously based upon the experiences of the New Englanders at Brook Farm, a short-lived utopian community. Notwithstanding the early American notion, particularly prevalent in New England, of the farmer-poet, in truth it is difficult to convert intellectuals into effective day laborers.
The Blithedale Romance.......2006-03-23
Isolation and a refusal to see things straight-on are the main themes of this mildly successful novel by Hawthorne. Narrated by Miles Coverdale who comes to the Utopian community of Blithedale for his health (Hawthorne had spent some time at Brook Farm, a communal farm, on which Blithedale is based), we encounter Hollingsworth, who is interested in prison reform, and who uses the wealthy and exotic Zenobia for his own selfish purposes; she drowns herself when Hollingworth shows a romantic interest in Priscilla, Zenobia's half-sister. Priscilla is a true innocent, who is under the influence of the evil mesmerist, Westervelt.
Coverdale is always on the fringe of what's going on, but never a direct participant. He eavesdrops and spies from windows (once even while hiding in a tree), and his inability to take part in the life around him is Hawthorne's central figure of isolation. Even at the end he declares his love for Priscilla - only after she has married Hollingsworth. Hollingsworth, too, spends much of the novel in isolation, pursuing his dream of prison reform; when he gives it up it destroys Zenobia (who has been living in a romantic fantasy of her own), but redeems himself and Priscilla. While Hawthorne deals credibly with the reality vs. fantasy theme of the characters, the plot is somewhat draggy, as is the dialogue. Not among the very best of Hawthorne's works.
Hawthorne's Sleeper.......2006-03-08
Lacking perhaps the ambitious design of other Hawthorne novels, Blithdale makes up for it in first-person freshness. It's witty and straight, take it as you will. And yes, somewhat wickedly tongue in cheek in its engagement with a 19th century American experiment in utopia on earth.
Some reviews on this site are a sad testament to what a new generation has been subjected to by way of heavily idealized and politically ladened literary theory. The subtleties are all on the page but many students lately have apparently been prevented from seeing them by the standard goggles forced on their heads. "Depressing," "cynical" etc are odd ways to approach a text -- I take it the reviewers were disturbed by the Grand Canyon between what was on the page and what was in their teachers' heads and expectations. Taken as a sort of cry of pain (an honest emotional response anyway) I would urge these young readers to try again.
Truth is, utopia has always been the lodestar of the American mind -- inseperable from what brought many here in the first place, from the Declaration and Constitution, from the competing utopias of the civil war, to the published justifications of every one of our wars since. So what if Hawthorne didn't completely succeeed? Who else among our major writers so directly flew right to the heart of things, like a bee to honey?
This is the story of Miles Coverdale, a self-satisfied reformer of his time, a sort of proto-yuppie, comes to Blithedale for reasons as vague as his own dense and unexamined mind. He finds other high minded individuals mouthing platitudes but in full rutting behavior, as would befit dueling moose in the Yellowstone -- mainly over the brazen Zenobia. Why isn't everyone laughing yet? No, of course D.H. Lawrence didn't think it was funny. But yes, all of these admirable characters have a lot to say about social advancement, womens' freedom, etc -- but hasn't anyone told the students of today that serious literature requires we look behind, nay beneath our own self-satisfied justifications? Apparently training in critical thinking has disappeared, replaced with acceptance of the jingoism of all-pervasive advertising: one is what one says one is, since one has the right to say it and thereby define oneself, end of story.
But there's an apple at the end, folks, the punch line, "I was in love with . . . Priscilla . . . !"
Thus the ironic punchline to one of the funniest things I ever read in my life.
An unsatisfying novel........2005-07-13
No one likes "The Blithedale Romance". His publisher didn't like it, most of the critics didn't like it, the former members of the Brook Farm didn't like it, D.H. Lawrence mocked it. John Updike does his best to point out the redeeming features of the novel, even becomes a bit hysterical, calling Zenobia a "Gorgon before whom Coverdale stands transfixed and fascinated." He praises Hawthorne's use of local color, trying to make "The Blithedale Romance" into something more than it is.
So, it is not Hawthorne's best novel, according to the critics. It doesn't stand up to "The House of the Seven Gables", let alone "The Scarlet Letter", the two other Hawthorne novels I have read.
Still, reading it is a worthwhile experience. As Updike says, some of the scenes are very evocative. The carriage ride out to the farm in an April snow storm (compare with a modern Boston commuter's experience!), the farmhouse kitchen scene, the woods around the farm, Coverdale's Boston hotel, the search for Zenobia's drowned body; all are memorable demonstrations of Hawthorne's descriptive powers.
Of the characters, only Zenobia and Coverdale seem like real people. The rest are "types" or only half-sketched.
The worst aspect of the novel is the plot. Of course it is written from Coverdale's point of view, so we only know what Coverdale knows, but still the denouement makes no sense. Compared to the suicide of Emma Bovary, for example, which is perhaps an unfair comparison, the suicide of Zenobia seems completely out of character. One can almost understand D.H. Lawrence's unsympathetic "Boo-hoo!" at the end of his review of "The Blithedale Romance".
Hawthorne writes beautifully. Telling the story from the point of view of a character who has limited knowledge foreshadows in a way the techniques used by later novelists like Joyce and Woolf. He was also no doubt trying to create an atmosphere of mystery and intrigue. But his technique hadn't progressed far enough to make the experiment a success, and he leaves us with too many dangling plot threads and half-formed characters. It is an admirable experiment, if looked at in this way, but it fails to come fully to life.
"Chronicle of Failure and Bet rayal".......2005-03-03
Hawthorne's third novel, THE BLITHEDALE ROMANCE, combines
diverse elements such as mystery, passion, social reform and philosophy-even a ghost story--all blended into a delightful literary patchwork. Set in mid 19th century Massachusetts this novel was inspired by the author's personal sojourn at Brook Farm-an experiment in Socialism and communal living--where he shed the trappings of polite society in order to become an instant farmer in a noble cause. Although he drew upon real life personalities of the 1850's for inspiration, his work was intended to be read and enjoyed as fiction. Despite the obvious parallels between Hawthorne and his protagonist, Miles Coverdale, readers may savor the storyline at face value; while Hawthorne was actually engaged during his time at Brook Farm, Miles remained a "frosty bachelor" all his days, despite his last-line confession.
Functioning partly as narrator and as Greek chorus passive Miles arrives at Blithedale Farm on a snowy evening in mid April, eager to begin his the great social experiment which would benefit all mankind. There he meets his similarly-minded new brethren and sistersbut the undisputed queen at the farmhouse is a beautiful, stately woman known as Zenobia. A sudden, insistent pounding at the door heralds the arrival of a shaggy bear of a man, the reformer Hollingsworth, bearing in his arms a precious burden: a pale, fragile girl, Priscilla, who requires their communal compassion. From that dramatic moment on Miles' mind and heart become entangled in the curious and mysterious affairs of these three. In fact Miles does not bother even to name the other social reformers. He devotes the next months of his life to private sleuthing and speculation on the enigma of these three individuals, although a few peripheral outsiders intrude on Blithedale's fragile harmony.
Unlike Hawthorn's previous novels, this is first-person tale; thus, we do not witness events where Miles himself is not present. Despite the high-minded social motivation of the zealous reformers, personal passions cannot be prevented, nor can their effects on others be denied. Miles undergoes several transformations of opinion and feelings for the three who fascinate him. Unable to escape their mysterious intrigues even in Boston, whence he retires to reconsider his purpose at Blithedale, he is obliged to witness their private machinations in the real world. But who will prove the hero to rescue Priscilla from her hateful life of stage deception? Is kindly Miles up to the task? The dramatic climax of Zenobia's betrayal was based on an actual lugubrious experience of the author's. The novel provides rich insight into the struggle for Women's emancipation in the 19th century, as well as thoughtful judgment on the difficulty of establishing an agrarian Eden on earth.
Product Description
20-page booklet produced by Worcester, Massachusetts company, illustrated with drawings/diagrams and black and white photographs.
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